Palavras-chave
Skepticism
Pyrrhonian scepticism
Agrippa's trilemma
Ancient philosophy.
Pyrrhonian scepticism
Agrippa's trilemma
Ancient philosophy.
Como Citar
VÁZQUEZ, Daniel. The systematic use of the five modes for the suspension of judgement. Manuscrito: Revista Internacional de Filosofia, Campinas, SP, v. 42, n. 3, p. 47–85, 2019. Disponível em: https://periodicos.sbu.unicamp.br/ojs/index.php/manuscrito/article/view/8657075. Acesso em: 25 abr. 2024.
Resumo
The five modes are a list of tools used by ancient sceptics to guide dogmatic people towards suspending their judgement. Attributed to Agrippa (of uncertain date) and used extensively by Sextus Empiricus (2nd or 3rd century CE), these modes are still widely discussed today by epistemologists and specialists in ancient philosophy. Scholars disagree, however, on how to understand the way the five modes are used together and what the logical form of the sceptical strategy behind their deployment is. This paper offers a reconstruction of the system of the five modes that avoids these problems. In specific, unlike previous reconstructions, (a) it includes a non-trivial version of the mode of relativity, (b) avoids committing the sceptic to a normative principle and (c) follows the textual evidence more closely. Moreover, I argue that the system can be better understood as a list of steps in a process, whose underlying logic can be expressed by a single algorithm.
Referências
ANNAS, J. and JONATHAN BARNES. The modes of scepticism. Ancient Texts and Modern Interpretations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511586187.
BAILEY, A. Pyrrhonean scepticism and the self-refutation argument. The Philosophical Quarterly 40 (158): 27, 1990. https://doi.org/10.2307/2219965.
BARNES, J. Aristotle posterior analytics. 2nd 1993. New York: Oxford University Press, 1975.
BARNES, J. The beliefs of a pyrrhonist. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society, no. 28: 1–29, 1982.
BARNES, J. An aristotelian way with scepticism. In: Aristotle Today, edited by M. Matthen. Edmonton: Academic Printing, 1987.
BARNES, J. Some ways of scepticism. In: Epistemology, edited by Stephen Everson, 1990a.
BARNES, J. The toils of scepticism. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990b.
BARNES, J. Diogenes Laertius IX 61-116: the philosophy of pyrrhonism. In: Aufstieg Und Niedergang Der Römischen Welt, edited by W. Hasse and H. Temporini, II:4241– 4301. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1992.
BETT, R. Pyrrhonian skepticism. In: The routledge companion to epistemology, edited by Sven Bernecker and Duncan Pritchard. 403–13. New York: Routledge, 2010.
BRENNAN, T., and JAMES LEE, J. A relative improvement. Phroensis 59: 246–71, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685284-12341268.
BULLOCK, J. B. The challenges of the modes of agrippa. Apeiron 49 (4): 409–35, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1515/apeiron-2015-0077.
CORTI, L. Scepticisme et langage. Paris: Vrin, 2009.
EMPIRICUS, SEXTUS. Against the logicians. Edited by Richard Bett. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
FOGELIN, R. Pyrrhonian Reflections on Knowledge and Justification. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994a.
FOGELIN, R. Pyrronian reflections on knowledge and justification. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994b.
GERKEN, M. Discursive justification and skepticism. Synthese 189 (2): 337–94, 2012. https://doi.org/http://www.jstor.org/stable/41681 684.
GRECO, J. Virtue, luck and the pyrrhonian problematic. Philosophical Studies 130 (1): 9–34, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11098-005-3231-3.
HANKINSON, R.J. The sceptics. New York: Routledge, 1995.
JANÁČEK, K. Skeptische zweitropenlehre und sextus empiricus. Eirene 8: 47 – 55, 1970.
JANÁČEK, K. Sextus’ Empiricus Methods. Prage: Universita Karlova Praha, 1972.
KLEIN, P. How a pyrrhonian skeptic might respond to academic skepticism. In: The skeptics: contemporary essays, edited by Steven Luper. 75–94. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003.
LAMMENRANTA, M. The pyrrhonian problematic. In: The Oxford Handbook of Skepticism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
LONG, A. A. Aristotle and the history of greek scepticism. In: Studies in Aristotle, edited by D. J. O’Meara, 79–106. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 1981.
MACHUCA, D. E. “The Pyrrhonian Argument from Possible Disagreement.” Archiv Für Geschichte Der Philosophie 93 (2), 148–61, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1515/AGPH.2011.007.
MANSFELD, J. Diaphonia: the argument of Alexander De Fato Chs. 1-2. Phronesis 33 (2): 181–207, 1988. https://doi.org/10.1163/156852888X00144.
PERIN, C. The demands of reason. Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.
PRITCHARD, D. Doubt undogmatized: pyrrhonian scepticism, epistemological externalism and the ‘metaepistemological’ challenge. Principia 4 (2): 187– 214, 2000.
PRITCHARD, D. What is this thing called knowledge? Oxon: Routledge, 2006.
SEXTUS EMPIRICUS. Outlines of scepticism. Edited by Julia Annas and Jonathan Barnes. Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
STRIKER, G. Scepticism as a kind of Philosophy. Classical Quarterly, 113–29, 2001.
THORSRUD, H. Ancient scepticism. Stocksfield: Aucmen, 2009.
TURRI, J. Pyrrhonian skepticism meets speech-act theory. International Journal for the Study of Skepticism 2 (2): 83–98, 2012.
VÁZQUEZ, D. Reason in check: the skepticism of sextus empiricus. Hermathena, no. 186: 43–57, 2009. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23041699.
VOGT, K. M. Appearances and assent: sceptical belief reconsidered. The Classical Quarterly 62 (2): 648–63, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0009838812000225.
VOGT, K. M. and SHARFFENBERGER, E. Text, translation and commentary. In: Pyrrhonian Skepticism in Diogenes Laertius, edited by Katja Maria Vogt, 16–74. Tübingen: Moher Siebeck, 2015.
WILLIAMS, M. Scepticism without theory. Philosophy 41 (3): 547–88, 1988.
WILLIAMS, M. The agrippan argument and two forms of skepticism. In: Pyrrhonian Skepticism, edited by Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, 121–45. New Mexico: Oxford University Press, 2004.
WILLIAMS, M. The agrippan problem, then and now. International Journal for the Study of Skepticism 5 (2): 80– 106, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1163/2210570004031179.
WOODRUFF, P. The pyrrhonian modes. In: The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Scepticism, edited by Richard Bett, 208–31. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
WRIGHT, S. Does Klein’s infinitism offer a response to Agrippa’s Trilemma?. Synthese 190 (6): 1113–30, 2013. https://doi.org/http://www.jstor.org/stable/41931588.
BAILEY, A. Pyrrhonean scepticism and the self-refutation argument. The Philosophical Quarterly 40 (158): 27, 1990. https://doi.org/10.2307/2219965.
BARNES, J. Aristotle posterior analytics. 2nd 1993. New York: Oxford University Press, 1975.
BARNES, J. The beliefs of a pyrrhonist. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society, no. 28: 1–29, 1982.
BARNES, J. An aristotelian way with scepticism. In: Aristotle Today, edited by M. Matthen. Edmonton: Academic Printing, 1987.
BARNES, J. Some ways of scepticism. In: Epistemology, edited by Stephen Everson, 1990a.
BARNES, J. The toils of scepticism. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990b.
BARNES, J. Diogenes Laertius IX 61-116: the philosophy of pyrrhonism. In: Aufstieg Und Niedergang Der Römischen Welt, edited by W. Hasse and H. Temporini, II:4241– 4301. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1992.
BETT, R. Pyrrhonian skepticism. In: The routledge companion to epistemology, edited by Sven Bernecker and Duncan Pritchard. 403–13. New York: Routledge, 2010.
BRENNAN, T., and JAMES LEE, J. A relative improvement. Phroensis 59: 246–71, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685284-12341268.
BULLOCK, J. B. The challenges of the modes of agrippa. Apeiron 49 (4): 409–35, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1515/apeiron-2015-0077.
CORTI, L. Scepticisme et langage. Paris: Vrin, 2009.
EMPIRICUS, SEXTUS. Against the logicians. Edited by Richard Bett. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
FOGELIN, R. Pyrrhonian Reflections on Knowledge and Justification. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994a.
FOGELIN, R. Pyrronian reflections on knowledge and justification. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994b.
GERKEN, M. Discursive justification and skepticism. Synthese 189 (2): 337–94, 2012. https://doi.org/http://www.jstor.org/stable/41681 684.
GRECO, J. Virtue, luck and the pyrrhonian problematic. Philosophical Studies 130 (1): 9–34, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11098-005-3231-3.
HANKINSON, R.J. The sceptics. New York: Routledge, 1995.
JANÁČEK, K. Skeptische zweitropenlehre und sextus empiricus. Eirene 8: 47 – 55, 1970.
JANÁČEK, K. Sextus’ Empiricus Methods. Prage: Universita Karlova Praha, 1972.
KLEIN, P. How a pyrrhonian skeptic might respond to academic skepticism. In: The skeptics: contemporary essays, edited by Steven Luper. 75–94. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003.
LAMMENRANTA, M. The pyrrhonian problematic. In: The Oxford Handbook of Skepticism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
LONG, A. A. Aristotle and the history of greek scepticism. In: Studies in Aristotle, edited by D. J. O’Meara, 79–106. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 1981.
MACHUCA, D. E. “The Pyrrhonian Argument from Possible Disagreement.” Archiv Für Geschichte Der Philosophie 93 (2), 148–61, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1515/AGPH.2011.007.
MANSFELD, J. Diaphonia: the argument of Alexander De Fato Chs. 1-2. Phronesis 33 (2): 181–207, 1988. https://doi.org/10.1163/156852888X00144.
PERIN, C. The demands of reason. Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.
PRITCHARD, D. Doubt undogmatized: pyrrhonian scepticism, epistemological externalism and the ‘metaepistemological’ challenge. Principia 4 (2): 187– 214, 2000.
PRITCHARD, D. What is this thing called knowledge? Oxon: Routledge, 2006.
SEXTUS EMPIRICUS. Outlines of scepticism. Edited by Julia Annas and Jonathan Barnes. Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
STRIKER, G. Scepticism as a kind of Philosophy. Classical Quarterly, 113–29, 2001.
THORSRUD, H. Ancient scepticism. Stocksfield: Aucmen, 2009.
TURRI, J. Pyrrhonian skepticism meets speech-act theory. International Journal for the Study of Skepticism 2 (2): 83–98, 2012.
VÁZQUEZ, D. Reason in check: the skepticism of sextus empiricus. Hermathena, no. 186: 43–57, 2009. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23041699.
VOGT, K. M. Appearances and assent: sceptical belief reconsidered. The Classical Quarterly 62 (2): 648–63, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0009838812000225.
VOGT, K. M. and SHARFFENBERGER, E. Text, translation and commentary. In: Pyrrhonian Skepticism in Diogenes Laertius, edited by Katja Maria Vogt, 16–74. Tübingen: Moher Siebeck, 2015.
WILLIAMS, M. Scepticism without theory. Philosophy 41 (3): 547–88, 1988.
WILLIAMS, M. The agrippan argument and two forms of skepticism. In: Pyrrhonian Skepticism, edited by Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, 121–45. New Mexico: Oxford University Press, 2004.
WILLIAMS, M. The agrippan problem, then and now. International Journal for the Study of Skepticism 5 (2): 80– 106, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1163/2210570004031179.
WOODRUFF, P. The pyrrhonian modes. In: The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Scepticism, edited by Richard Bett, 208–31. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
WRIGHT, S. Does Klein’s infinitism offer a response to Agrippa’s Trilemma?. Synthese 190 (6): 1113–30, 2013. https://doi.org/http://www.jstor.org/stable/41931588.
Downloads
Não há dados estatísticos.
