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Recentes quedas acentuadas da confiança no governo dos públicos de massa de democracias institucionalizadas reacenderam o interesse pela teoria e pesquisa sobre a legitimidade. Há muito tempo os teóricos concebem a legitimidade política como multidimensional e sustentam que ela vai do apoio abstrato a uma comunidade política subjacente aos princípios do regime à avaliação mais concreta do desempenho do regime, das instituições e dos atores. Porém, surpreendentemente, pouca pesquisa empírica avaliou a validade desse constructo teórico. Utilizando um survey nacional da Costa Rica, uma democracia estável e bem sucedida, investigamos se a legitimidade política existe empiricamente e examinamos sua estrutura. Usando análise fatorial confirmatória, encontramos evidências que sustentam a estrutura multidimensional do apoio político. Identificamos também certas limitações tanto da pesquisa teórica como da empírica, relacionadas com a operacionalização equivocada e a especificação de vínculos empíricos que não conseguimos detectar. Também encontramos e remediamos um surpreendente erro de omissão, já que as pesquisas anteriores não haviam percebido o governo local como um alvo de crenças legitimidoras.
Abstract
Recent steep declines in trust in government among the mass publics of institutionalized democracies have rekindled interest in legitimacy theory and research. Theorists have long conceived of political legitimacy as multidimensional, and argue that it ranges from abstract support for a political community underlying regime principles to the more concrete evaluation of regime performance, institutions, and actors. However, surprisingly little empirical research has evaluated the theory’s construct validity. Employing a national sample survey from Costa Rican, a stable and successful democracy, we explore whether political legitimacy empirically exists and examine its structure. Using confirmatory factor analysis, we find evidence supporting the multidimensional structure of political support. We also identify certain limitations with both the theoretical and limited empirical research, related to misleading operationalization and the specification of empirical links that we fail to detect. We also find and remedy a surprising error of omission – that prior research overlooked local government as a target of legitimacy beliefs.
Key words: political legitimacy, civic culture, democracy, trust
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