Palavras-chave
Tolerância política
Grupos alvos de antipatia
Brasil.
Grupos alvos de antipatia
Brasil.
Como Citar
RIBEIRO, Ednaldo; FUKS, Mario. Tolerância política no Brasil. Opinião Pública, Campinas, SP, v. 25, n. 3, p. 531–555, 2019. Disponível em: https://periodicos.sbu.unicamp.br/ojs/index.php/op/article/view/8658116. Acesso em: 18 abr. 2024.
Resumo
Entendendo a tolerância política como uma das dimensões de uma cultura política democrática, o artigo utiliza um conjunto de dados inéditos produzidos pelo Latin American Public Project para compor, de forma exploratória, um quadro geral sobre essa atitude no contexto nacional. Por meio de técnicas de análise descritivas e multivariadas, identificamos os principais grupos que são alvo de antipatia dos brasileiros e o grau de tolerância em relação a eles, bem como as suas bases demográficas e atitudinais. Os resultados indicam que a manifestação da tolerância é função de atributos tanto sociais (como a geração) quanto atitudinais (como adesão à democracia e interesse por política) e apontam para uma ampla agenda de investigações futuras sobre o tema.
Referências
BOOTH, J.; RICHARD, P. Latin American political culture: public opinion and democracy. Los Angeles: Sage, 2015.
BOOTH, J.; SELIGSON, M. The legitimacy puzzle: democracy and political support in eight Latin American nations. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
CARLIN, R.; SINGER, M. “Support for polyarchy in the Americas”. Comparative Political Studies, vol. 44, nº 11, p. 1.500-1.526, 2011.
CONVERSE, P. The nature of belief systems in mass publics. In: APTER, D. (org.). Ideology and discontent. New York: The Free Press, 1964.
CONVERSE, P. Change in the American electorate. In: CAMPBELL, A.; CONVERSE, P. (eds.). The human meaning of social change. New York: Russell, 1972.
CRONBACH, L. “Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests”. Psychometrika, vol. 16, nº 3, p. 297-334, 1951.
CUTLER, S.; KAUFMAN, R. “Cohort changes in political attitudes: tolerance of ideological non conformity”. Public Opinion Quarterly, vol. 39, nº 1, p. 69-81, 1975.
DALTON, R. Political support in advanced industrial democracies. In: NORRIS, P. (ed.). Critical citizens: global support for democratic governance. Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press, 1999.
DALTON, R. Democratic challenges, democratic choices: the erosion of political support in advanced industrial democracies. New York: Oxford, 2004.
DAVIS, J. “Communism, conformity, cohorts, and categories: American tolerance in 1954 and 19721973”. American Journal of Sociology, vol. 81, nº 3, p. 491-513, 1975.
DELLI CARPINI, M.; KEETER, S. What Americans know about politics and why it matters. New Heaven: Yale University Press, 1996.
EISENSTEIN, M.; CLARK, A. Heterogeneous religion measures and political tolerance outcomes. In: DJUPE, P. (ed.). Religion and political tolerance in America. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2015.
EVANS, G.; ROSE, P. “Education and support for democracy in Sub-Saharan Africa: testing mechanisms of influence”. Afrobarometer Working Paper 75. Capetown, SA: Afrobarometer, 2007.
FINKEL, S.; ERNST, H. “Civic education in post-apartheid South Africa: alternative paths to development of knowledge and democratic values”. Political Psychology, vol. 26, nº 3, p. 333-364, 2005.
FUKS, M.; CASALECCHI, G.; ARAÚJO, M. “Are dissatisfied democrats critical? Reevaluating the concept of the critical citizen”. Opinião Pública, vol. 23, nº 2, p. 316-333, 2017.
FUKS, M.; PAULINO, R.; CASALECCHI, G. “Socialization and political regimes: the impact of generation on support for democracy in Latin America”. Brazilian Political Science Review, vol. 12, nº 1, p. 122, 2018.
FUKS, M., et al. “Qualificando a adesão à democracia: quão democratas são os democratas brasileiros?”. Revista Brasileira de Ciência Política, nº 19, p. 1.999-1.219, 2016.
GIBSON, J. “Intolerance and political repression in the United States: a half century after McCarthysm”. American Journal of Political Science, vol. 52, nº 1, p. 96-108, 2008.
GIBSON, J. Political intolerance in the context of democratic theory. In: GOODIN, R. (ed.). The Oxford handbook of political science. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
GIBSON, J.; DUCH, R.; TEDIN, K. “Democratic values and the transformation of Soviet Union”. Journal of Politics, vol. 54, nº 2, p. 329-371, 1992.
INGLEHART, R.; WELZEL, C. Modernization, cultural change, and democracy: the human development sequence. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
KLINGEMANN, H. Mapping political support in the 1990s: a global analysis. In: NORRIS, P. (ed.). Critical citizens: global support for democratic governance. Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press, 1999.
LIPSET, S. “Some social requisites of democracy: economic development and political legitimacy”. American Political Science Review, nº 53, p. 69-105, 1959.
LUSKIN, R. “Explaining political sophistication”. Political Behavior, vol. 12, nº 4, p. 331-361, 1990.
MARCUS, J., et al. With malice toward some: how people make civil liberties judgments. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
MILL, J. On liberty. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2007.
MOISÉS, J. A. “Cultura política, instituições e democracia – Lições da experiência brasileira”. Revista Brasileira de Ciências Sociais, vol. 23, n° 66, p. 11-44, 2008.
MOISÉS, J.; CARNEIRO; G. “Democracia, desconfiança política e insatisfação com o regime: o caso do Brasil”. Opinião Pública, Campinas, vol. 14, nº 1, p. 1-42, 2008.
MORENO, A.; LAGOS, M. Latin America: the modest dividend of growing up democratic. In: DENEMARK, D., et al. Growing up democratic: does it make a difference? Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2016.
NEUMAN, W. R. The paradox of mass politics: knowledge and opinion in the American electorate. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1986.
NIE, N.; JUNN, J.; STEHLIK-BARRY, K. Education and democratic citizenship in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.
NORRIS, P. Critical citizens: global support for democratic government. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
NORRIS, P. Democratic deficit: critical citizens revisited. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
NUNN, C.; CROCKETT, H.; WILLIAMS, J. Tolerance for nonconformity. San Francisco: Jossey Bass, 1978.
RIBEIRO, E.; CARREIRÃO, Y.; BORBA, J. “Sentimentos partidários e antipetismo: condicionantes e covariantes”. Opinião Pública, vol. 22, n° 3, 2016.
SALINAS, E.; BOOTH, J. “Micro-social and contextual sources of democratic attitudes in Latin America”. Journal of Politics in Latin America, vol. 3, nº 1, p. 29-64, 2011.
SCHEDLER, A.; SARSFIELD, R. “Democrats with adjectives: linking direct and indirect measures of democratic support”. European Journal of Political Research, vol. 46, p. 637-659, 2007.
SMITH, T., et al. General social surveys: 1972-2014. Chicago: NORC at the University of Chicago, 2016.
SNIDERMAN, P. Personality and democratic politics. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975.
STENNER, K. The authoritarian dynamics. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
STOUFFER, S. Communism, conformity and civil liberties. New York: Doubleday, 1955.
SULLIVAN, J.; PIERESON, J.; Marcus, G. Political tolerance and American democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982.
SULLIVAN, J., et al. Political tolerance in context. Boulder, Co.: Westview Press, 1985. VERBA, S.; SCHLOZMAN, K.; BRADY, H. Voice and equality: civic voluntarism in American politics. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995.
BOOTH, J.; SELIGSON, M. The legitimacy puzzle: democracy and political support in eight Latin American nations. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
CARLIN, R.; SINGER, M. “Support for polyarchy in the Americas”. Comparative Political Studies, vol. 44, nº 11, p. 1.500-1.526, 2011.
CONVERSE, P. The nature of belief systems in mass publics. In: APTER, D. (org.). Ideology and discontent. New York: The Free Press, 1964.
CONVERSE, P. Change in the American electorate. In: CAMPBELL, A.; CONVERSE, P. (eds.). The human meaning of social change. New York: Russell, 1972.
CRONBACH, L. “Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests”. Psychometrika, vol. 16, nº 3, p. 297-334, 1951.
CUTLER, S.; KAUFMAN, R. “Cohort changes in political attitudes: tolerance of ideological non conformity”. Public Opinion Quarterly, vol. 39, nº 1, p. 69-81, 1975.
DALTON, R. Political support in advanced industrial democracies. In: NORRIS, P. (ed.). Critical citizens: global support for democratic governance. Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press, 1999.
DALTON, R. Democratic challenges, democratic choices: the erosion of political support in advanced industrial democracies. New York: Oxford, 2004.
DAVIS, J. “Communism, conformity, cohorts, and categories: American tolerance in 1954 and 19721973”. American Journal of Sociology, vol. 81, nº 3, p. 491-513, 1975.
DELLI CARPINI, M.; KEETER, S. What Americans know about politics and why it matters. New Heaven: Yale University Press, 1996.
EISENSTEIN, M.; CLARK, A. Heterogeneous religion measures and political tolerance outcomes. In: DJUPE, P. (ed.). Religion and political tolerance in America. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2015.
EVANS, G.; ROSE, P. “Education and support for democracy in Sub-Saharan Africa: testing mechanisms of influence”. Afrobarometer Working Paper 75. Capetown, SA: Afrobarometer, 2007.
FINKEL, S.; ERNST, H. “Civic education in post-apartheid South Africa: alternative paths to development of knowledge and democratic values”. Political Psychology, vol. 26, nº 3, p. 333-364, 2005.
FUKS, M.; CASALECCHI, G.; ARAÚJO, M. “Are dissatisfied democrats critical? Reevaluating the concept of the critical citizen”. Opinião Pública, vol. 23, nº 2, p. 316-333, 2017.
FUKS, M.; PAULINO, R.; CASALECCHI, G. “Socialization and political regimes: the impact of generation on support for democracy in Latin America”. Brazilian Political Science Review, vol. 12, nº 1, p. 122, 2018.
FUKS, M., et al. “Qualificando a adesão à democracia: quão democratas são os democratas brasileiros?”. Revista Brasileira de Ciência Política, nº 19, p. 1.999-1.219, 2016.
GIBSON, J. “Intolerance and political repression in the United States: a half century after McCarthysm”. American Journal of Political Science, vol. 52, nº 1, p. 96-108, 2008.
GIBSON, J. Political intolerance in the context of democratic theory. In: GOODIN, R. (ed.). The Oxford handbook of political science. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
GIBSON, J.; DUCH, R.; TEDIN, K. “Democratic values and the transformation of Soviet Union”. Journal of Politics, vol. 54, nº 2, p. 329-371, 1992.
INGLEHART, R.; WELZEL, C. Modernization, cultural change, and democracy: the human development sequence. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
KLINGEMANN, H. Mapping political support in the 1990s: a global analysis. In: NORRIS, P. (ed.). Critical citizens: global support for democratic governance. Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press, 1999.
LIPSET, S. “Some social requisites of democracy: economic development and political legitimacy”. American Political Science Review, nº 53, p. 69-105, 1959.
LUSKIN, R. “Explaining political sophistication”. Political Behavior, vol. 12, nº 4, p. 331-361, 1990.
MARCUS, J., et al. With malice toward some: how people make civil liberties judgments. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
MILL, J. On liberty. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2007.
MOISÉS, J. A. “Cultura política, instituições e democracia – Lições da experiência brasileira”. Revista Brasileira de Ciências Sociais, vol. 23, n° 66, p. 11-44, 2008.
MOISÉS, J.; CARNEIRO; G. “Democracia, desconfiança política e insatisfação com o regime: o caso do Brasil”. Opinião Pública, Campinas, vol. 14, nº 1, p. 1-42, 2008.
MORENO, A.; LAGOS, M. Latin America: the modest dividend of growing up democratic. In: DENEMARK, D., et al. Growing up democratic: does it make a difference? Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2016.
NEUMAN, W. R. The paradox of mass politics: knowledge and opinion in the American electorate. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1986.
NIE, N.; JUNN, J.; STEHLIK-BARRY, K. Education and democratic citizenship in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.
NORRIS, P. Critical citizens: global support for democratic government. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
NORRIS, P. Democratic deficit: critical citizens revisited. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
NUNN, C.; CROCKETT, H.; WILLIAMS, J. Tolerance for nonconformity. San Francisco: Jossey Bass, 1978.
RIBEIRO, E.; CARREIRÃO, Y.; BORBA, J. “Sentimentos partidários e antipetismo: condicionantes e covariantes”. Opinião Pública, vol. 22, n° 3, 2016.
SALINAS, E.; BOOTH, J. “Micro-social and contextual sources of democratic attitudes in Latin America”. Journal of Politics in Latin America, vol. 3, nº 1, p. 29-64, 2011.
SCHEDLER, A.; SARSFIELD, R. “Democrats with adjectives: linking direct and indirect measures of democratic support”. European Journal of Political Research, vol. 46, p. 637-659, 2007.
SMITH, T., et al. General social surveys: 1972-2014. Chicago: NORC at the University of Chicago, 2016.
SNIDERMAN, P. Personality and democratic politics. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975.
STENNER, K. The authoritarian dynamics. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
STOUFFER, S. Communism, conformity and civil liberties. New York: Doubleday, 1955.
SULLIVAN, J.; PIERESON, J.; Marcus, G. Political tolerance and American democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982.
SULLIVAN, J., et al. Political tolerance in context. Boulder, Co.: Westview Press, 1985. VERBA, S.; SCHLOZMAN, K.; BRADY, H. Voice and equality: civic voluntarism in American politics. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995.
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