Palavras-chave
Datificação
Gamificação
Economia de atenção
Como Citar
Resumo
Os estudos sobre populismo tendem a entender o populismo como um fenômeno puramente político (MUDDE; KALTWASSER, 2017; MÜLLER, 2016). A categorização de alguém como populista ou não é em muitos casos apenas baseada numa avaliação do discurso, estilo ou mesmo ideologia. É muito mais raro encontrar abordagens do populismo centradas na relação entre política e mídia, em particular meios digitais (exceções bem-vindas são CESARINO, 2019 e SILVA, 2019). Ao longo deste artigo, argumentarei que não podemos compreender plenamente o populismo sem nos concentrarmos em pormenor na forma como os populistas e outros constroem efetivamente a voz populista, como se comunicam em diferentes plataformas como os “verdadeiros representantes do povo”. Isto significa, inevitavelmente, ter em conta a paisagem mediática em mutação como um contexto-chave que molda o populismo contemporâneo. O sistema híbrido das mídias, suas lógicas midiáticas, seus meios de comunicação e a sua cultura de conectividade têm de ser considerados quando se tenta dar sentido ao populismo e à política em geral no século XXI.
Referências
Van der AUWERA, J.; ARTOIS, J. (2018). Niet N-VA, maar wel Vlaams Belang is de grootste partij op Facebook. Het Laatste Nieuws. Available at: https://www.hln.be/nieuws/binnenland/niet-n-va-maar-wel-vlaams-belang-is-de-grootste-partij-op-facebook~abf60006/
BARLOW, K. (2012). Turning petitions into action for labor, environment. NationBuilder. Available at: https://nationbuilder.com/turning_petitions_into_action_for_labor_Environment
BLOMMAERT, J. (2001). Ik stel vast. Politiek taalgebruik, politieke vernieuwing en verrechtsing. Berchem: Epo.
BLOMMAERT, J. (2007). De crisis van de democratie. Berchem: Epo.
BLOMMAERT, J. (2017). 25 years of right wing extremism in Flanders. Diggit Magazine. Available at: https://www.diggitmagazine.com/articles/25-years-right-wing-extremism-belgium
BLOMMAERT, J.; VERSCHUEREN, J. (1998). Debating diversity. Analysing the discourse of tolerance. London & New York: Routledge.
BRINKMAN, B. (2017). Ideale schoonzoon vrgt. eerlijke kans. Vlaams Belang-Voorzitter Tom Van Grieken Schrijft Een Boek. De Standaard. Available at: https://www.standaard.be/cnt/dmf20170503_02865028
CHADWICK, A. (2017). The hybrid media system. Politics and power. New York: Oxford University Press.
CESARINO, L (2019). On digital populism in Brazil. PoLAR: Political and Legal Anthropology Review. Available at: https://polarjournal.org/2019/04/15/on-jair-bolsonaros-digital-populism/
De CEULAER, J. (2017). "Ik voel sympathie voor zijn strijdlust". De Morgen. Available at: https://www.demorgen.be/nieuws/ik-voel-sympathie-voor-zijn-strijdlust~be5fadc3/
De CLEEN, B. (2013). The stage as an arena of Political Struggle: The Struggle between Vlaams Blok/Belang and the Flemish City Theatres. In: Wodak, R., KhosraviNik, M. & Mral, B. (Eds.). Right-Wing populism in Europe. Politics and Discourse. London & New Delhi: Bloomsburry.
EYAL, N. (2014). Hooked. How to build habit-forming products. London: Penguin.
FACEBOOK. (2020). What is a top fan badge on Facebook? Available at: https://www.facebook.com/help/215734232362020
FISHER, E. (2015). Class struggles in the digital frontier: audience labour theory and social media users. Information, Communication & Society. v. 18, n. 9, pp. 1108-1122. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2015.1018300
GERBAUDO, P. (2015) Protest avatars as memetic signifiers: political profile pictures and the construction of collective identity on social media in the 2011 protest wave. Information, Communication & Society. v. 18, n. 8, pp. 916-929. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2015.1043316
GR. (2004). (gr) Zure Zondag geeft sterk déja vu-gevoel. De Standaard. Available at: https://www.standaard.be/cnt/gsk6m794
GRUZD, A., & WELLMAN, B. (2014). Networked Influence in Social Media: Introduction to the Special Issue. American Behavioral Scientist, 58(10), 1251–1259. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764214527087
HOLSLAG, J. (2017). Voorwoord. In: Van Grieken, T. (Ed.). Toekomst in eigen handen. Opstand tegen de elites. Uitgeverij van Praag.
JACOBSON, J., GRUZD, A., KUMAR, P., & MAI, P. (2019). Networked Influence: An Introduction. Social Media + Society. v. 5, n. 3, pp. 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305119865473
KELEPOURIS, S. (2019). Hoe Vlaams Belang via Facebook de verkiezingen won. De Morgen. Available at: https://www.demorgen.be/politiek/hoe-vlaams-belang-via-facebook-de-verkiezingen-won~b2958a3f/
LEMPERT, M. & SILVERSTEIN, M. (2012). Creatures of politics. Media, message and the American Presidency. Bloomington & Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
MALY, I. (ed.) (2007). Cultu(u)rENpolitiek. Over media, globalisering en culturele identiteiten. Antwerpen: Garant.
MALY, I. (2009). De Beschavingsmachine. Wij en de Islam. Berchem: Epo.
MALY, I. (2012). N-VA, Analyse van een politieke ideologie. Berchem: Epo.
Maly, I. (2016). ‘Scientific’ nationalism: N-VA and the discursive battle for the Flemish nation. Nations and nationalism. v. 22, n. 2, pp. 266-286. https://doi.org/10.1111/nana.12144
MALY, I. (2018a). Nieuw Rechts. Berchem: Epo.
MALY, I. (2018b). Algorithmic populism and algorithmic activism. Diggit Magazine. https://www.diggitmagazine.com/articles/algorithmic-populism-activism
MALY, I. (2018c). Populism as a mediatized communicative relation: the birth of algorithmic populism. Tilburg Papers in Culture Studies. v. 213. https://www.tilburguniversity.edu/sites/tiu/files/download/TPCS_213_Maly_2.pdf
MALY, I. (2019). New Right Metapolitics and the Algorithmic Activism of Schild & Vrienden. Social Media + Society. v. 5, n. 2, pp. 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305119856700
MALY, I., & BEEKMANS, I. (2018). Research report: Analyzing Facebook’s guidelines for publishers. Diggit Magazine. Available at: https://www.diggitmagazine.com/working-papers/research-report-diggitday-facebook-experiment
MCKELVEY, F. & PIEBIAK, J. (2018). Porting the political campaign: the NationBuilder platform and the global flows of political technology. New Media & Society. v. 20, n. 3, pp. 901-918. DOI: 10.177/1461444816675439
MUDDE C. & KALTWASSER, C.R. (2017). Populism. A very short introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
MÜLLER, J.W. (2016). What is populism. Philadelphia: Pennsylvania Press.
NATIONBUILDER. (s.d.). GUIDE. Organizing a successful petition campaign. Nationbuilder. Available at: https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/3dna/pages/23862/attachments/original/1438640947/nationbuilder-petition-guide.pdf?1438640947
O’CONNER, (2020). Understanding virtual currency. NationBuilder. Available at: https://support.nationbuilder.com/en/articles/2362765-understanding-virtual-currency
PAPACHARISSI, Z. (2016) Affective publics and structures of storytelling: sentiment, events and mediality. Information, Communication & Society. v. 19, n. 3, pp. 307-324. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2015.1109697
ROOX, G. (2004). WINNAAR. Filip Dewinter. De schutskring staat op springen. De Standaard. Available at: https://www.standaard.be/cnt/gka6ldmi
SKEPTR, (2018). ‘Bart Claes: "Grappig hoe partijen met marketingbureaus amper resultaten boeken"’. YouTube. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H8mI96wInDY
SN, (2016). Van Grieken over Vlaams Belang: "Ik denk dat de toekomst ons toelacht". De Morgen. Available at: https://www.demorgen.be/nieuws/van-grieken-over-vlaams-belang-ik-denk-dat-de-toekomst-ons-toelacht~bfd12c24/
SN, (2020). Vlaams Belang lanceert petitie voor nieuwe verkiezingen: “Luister naar het volk”. Het Nieuwsblad. Available at: https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20200119_04811640
TERZAKE, (2020). Federale formatie. Canvas. Available at: https://www.vrt.be/vrtnu/a-z/terzake/2020/terzake-d20200129/#autoplay=62&asset=/content/dam/vrt/2020/01/29/terzake-r2020-a0017-depot_WP00167375
TT, (2020). Vlaams Belang lanceert petitie voor nieuwe verkiezingen: “Luister naar het volk”. Het Laatste Nieuws.
Van GRIEKEN, T. (2017a). Toekomst in eigen handen. Opstand tegen de elites. Uitgeverij van Praag.
Van GRIEKEN, T. (2017b). Wel, de toekomst, die behoort ons toe, en daarmee bedoel ik de terecht boze burgers. De Morgen. Available at: https://www.demorgen.be/meningen/wel-de-toekomst-die-behoort-ons-toe-en-daarmee-bedoel-ik-de-terecht-boze-burgers~ba094f49/
VARIS, P., & HOU, M. (in press). Digital approaches in linguistic ethnography. In: Tusting, K. (Ed.). The Routledge handbook of linguistic ethnography. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.
WU, T. (2016). The attention merchants. The epic struggle to bet inside our heads. London: Atlantic Books.
VENTURINI, T. (2019). From fake to junk news. The data politics of online virality. In: Bigo, D., Engin, I. and Ruppert, E. (Eds.) Data Politics. Worlds, subjects, rights. London & New York: Routledge.
van DIJCK, J., POELL, T. & De WAAL, M. (2018). The platform Society. Public values in a connective world. Oxford: Oxford University press.
Van SCHEL, W. (2016). Praten met Bart Claes. Pallieterke. Available at: https://pallieterke.net/2016/02/praten-met-bart-claes/
ZUBOFF, S. (2019). The age of surveillance capitalism. London: Profile Books.
O periódico Trabalhos em Linguística Aplicada utiliza a licença do Creative Commons (CC), preservando assim, a integridade dos artigos em ambiente de acesso aberto, em que:
- A publicação se reserva o direito de efetuar, nos originais, alterações de ordem normativa, ortográfica e gramatical, com vistas a manter o padrão culto da língua, respeitando, porém, o estilo dos autores;
- Os originais não serão devolvidos aos autores;
- Os autores mantêm os direitos totais sobre seus trabalhos publicados na Trabalhos de Linguística Aplicada, ficando sua reimpressão total ou parcial, depósito ou republicação sujeita à indicação de primeira publicação na revista, por meio da licença CC-BY;
- Deve ser consignada a fonte de publicação original;
- As opiniões emitidas pelos autores dos artigos são de sua exclusiva responsabilidade.
Downloads
