Palavras-chave
Como Citar
Resumo
A Teoria Prospectiva, teoria psicológica de tomada de decisões que lançou uma nova luz sobre as escolhas em política externa, sustenta que as pessoas tendem a correr grandes riscos quando encontram perdas, enquanto que, quando antecipam ganhos, tendem a proceder com grande cautela. Este artigo introduz a teoria prospectiva ao estudo de política comparada para explicar as arrojadas escolhas da política econômica de presidentes em países em crise como Argentina, Brasil e Peru e o supreendente grau de apoio popular que tais medidas arriscadas e custosas tiveram nesses países. Da mesma forma procura entender o curso cauteloso das reformas recentes no Chile, um país com melhores projeções econômicas.
Abstract
Prospect theory, a psychological theory of decision making that has shed new light on foreign policy choices, maintains that people tend to take high risks when anticipating gains. This article introduces prospect theory to the study of comparative politics in order to account for the bold economic policy choices that presidents made in crisis-ridden Argentina, Brazil and Peru, and the surprising degree of popular support that such risky and costly measures commanded in these countries; and conversely, to explain the cautious course of reform recently pursued in Chile, a country with better economic prospects.
Keywords: Prospect Theory, Economic Restructuring, Electoral Behavior, Democracy, Latin America.
Referências
ACUÑA, C. (1994) Politics and Economics in the Argentina of the Nineties. In: SMITH, W. ACUÑA, C. e GAMARRA, E. (orgs.) Democracy, Markets and Structural Reform in Latin America. New Brunswick, NJ, Transaction, p. 30-73.
ACUÑA, C., e W. SMITH (1994) The Political Economy of Structural Adjustment. In: SMITH, W. ACUÑA, C. e GAMARRA, E. (orgs.) Democracy, Markets and Structural Reform in Latin America. New Brunswick, NJ, Transaction, p. 17-66.
ADRIANZÉN M., A. (1992) Las Dificuldades del Emperador. Quehacer 75: 4-8.
AGUIRRE ROCA, J. (1995) Entrevista do autor com o ex-Presidente da Confederación Nacional de Instituiciones Empresariales Privadas (1992-94), Lima, 14 Fevereiro.
ALESINA, A. (1994) Political Models od Macroeconomic Policy and fiscal Reforms. In: HAGGARD, S. e WEBB, S. (orgs.) Voting for Reform. Oxford, Oxford University Press, p.37-60.
ALSOGARAY, A. (1993) Experiencias de 50 Años de Politica y Economia Argentina. Buenos Aires, Planeta.
AMES, B. (1987). Political Survival. Berkeley e Los Angeles, University of California Press.
ARELLANO, J. (1989) La Seguridad Social en Chile en los años 90. Colección Estudios CIEPLAN, 27:63-82.
ARMIJO, L. T. BIERSTEKER, AND A. LOWENTHAL (1994) It’s Fine in Practice, But How Does it Work in Theory? Manuscrito.
ASHOFF, G. (1993) Wirtischaftspolitik in Venezuela. Lateinamerika, 21:17-55.
ASLUND, A. (1994) The Case for Radical Reform. Jounal of Demacracy, 5(4):63-74.
ASSIS, L. E. (1995) Entrevista do autor com o ex-diretor do Banco Central (1990-91), São Paulo, 23 Junho.
BALLÓN E., E.(1992) Tra el Golpe. Quehacer, 77:20-23.
BARRY, B. (1978) Sociologists, Economists and Democracy. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
BATES, R. (1994) Comment. In: WILLIAMSON, J. (org.) The Political Economy of Policy Reform. Washington, DC, Institute for International Economics, p.29-34.
BATES, R. AND A. KRUEGER (1993) Generalizations Arising from the Country Studies. In: BATES, R. e KRUEGER, A. (orgs.) Political and Economic Interactions in Economic Policy. Oxford, Blackwell, p.444-472.
BEREJIKLAN, J. (1992) Revolutionary Collective Action and the Agent-Structure Problem. American Political Science Review, 86:647-657.
BIERSTEKER, T. (1990) Reducing the Role of the State in the Economiy. International Studies Quartely, 34:477-492.
BITAR, S., E. EDWARDS, AND C. OMINAMI (1988) Cambiar la Vida. Santiago, Melquíades.
BOLOÑA BEHR, C. (1993) Cambio de Rumbo. Lima, Instituto de Economía de Libre Mercado.
BORNHAUSEN, R. (1991) Reflexões sobre o Brasil. Cadernos do IRS 18. São Paulo, FIESP.
BRESSER PEREIRA, L., J. MARAVALL, AND A PRZEWORSKI (1993) Economic Reforms in New Democracies. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
BURGOS, H. (1992) Crónica de Choques y Desencuentros. Quehacer, 76:9-10.
CARRIÓN, J. (1992) Presidential Popularity. In: Peru, 1980-1990. Paper apresentado no XVII Congresso da LASA, Los Angeles, 24-27 (Setembro).
CATTERBERG, E. (1991) Argentina Confronts Politics. Boudler, CO, Lynne Rienner.
CAVAROZZI, M., and M. GROSSI (1992) Argentine Parties Under Alfonsín. In: EPSTEIN, E. (org.) The New Argentine Democracy. Westport, CT, Praeger, p.173-202.
CENTRO DE ESTÚDIOS PÚBLICOS (1993) Estudio Social y de Opinión Pública nº20, Julio 1993. Santiago: Centro de Estudios Públicos.
CHALMERS, D. (1977) The Politicized State in Latin America. In: MALLOY, J. (org.) Authoritarianism and Corporatism in Latin America, J. Malloy (org.) Pittsburgh, PA, University of Pittsburgh Press, p.23-45.
Clárin (1989a)."A Paso Redoblado." Buenos Aires, 22 Maio.
Clárin (1989b) "Ubaldini: 'El Pacto Social Debe Incluir los 26 Puntos.'" Buenos Aires, 16 Junho.
Clárin (1989c) "La Pulseada Sindical." Buenos Aires, 26 Junho.
Clárin (1989d) "?Donde Encaja Ubaldini?" Buenos Aires, 3 Julho.
COLLOR DE MELLO, F. (1995) Entrevista do autor com o ex-presidente do Brasil. Brasília, 9 Junho.
CONAGHAN, C. e J. MALLOY (1994) Unsettling Statecraft . Pittsburgh, PA, University of Pittsburgh Press.
CONCERTACIÓN DE PARTIDOS POR LA DEMOCRACIA (1989) Programa de Gobierno. Santiago: La Época.
COPPEDGE, M (1992) Venezuela's Vulnerable Democracy. Journal of Democracy, 3(4):32-44.
CORREA DÍAZ, G. (1993) Discurso del Presidente del Partido Socialista de Chile. In: Congreso Programático. La Serena, 10-13 Diciembre 1992, Partido Socialista (PS), pp.16-34. Santiago: PS.
CORREA-GATICA, E.P. CRESPO URETE, e J. CORREA BULNES (1993) Entrevista do autor com o Presidente e o Vice-Presidente e o Prosecretario General da Sociedad Nacional de Agricultura, Santiago, 9 Agosto.
CRABTREE, J. (1991) The Collor Plan. Bulletin of Latin American Research, 10(2):119-132.
CURIA, E. (1991) Dos Ãnos de la Economía de Menem. Buenos Aires, El Cronista.
DATAFOLHA (1990) Avaliação do Governo Collor –3 meses. São Paulo: Datafolha.
DATAFOLHA (1991) Avaliação do Governo Collor –10 meses. São Paulo: Datafolha.
DEGREGORI, C., e R. GROMPONE (1991) Elecciones 1990: Demonios y Redentores en el Nuevo Perú. Lima, IEP.
DE RIZ, L. (1994) Argentina: El Enigma Democrático. Nueva Sociedad, 129:6-12.
DRAZEN, A., e V. GRILLI (1993) The Benefit of Crises for Economic Reforms. American Economic Review, 83:598-607. The Economist (1992) "The Impatience in Venezuela" 8 Fevereiro.
FARHAM, B. (org.) (1992) Prospect Theory and Political Psychology. Political Psychology, 13:171-329.
FERRERES, O. (1995) Entrevista do autor com o ex-vice ministro da Economia (1989), Buenos Aires, 8 Março.
FLISFISCH, A. (1994) La Gestión Estratégica de un Proceso de Transición y Consolidación. Proposiciones, 25:20-33.
Foreign Broadcast Information Service – Latin America (1989a) "Changes Result in Confusion". 16 Junho.
Foreign Broadcast Information Service – Latin America (1989b) "Population Distrust of Politicians Surveyed". 31 Agosto.
Foreign Broadcast Information Service – Latin America (1990a) "Gacia Urges Unions to Oppose Economic Measures". 20 Julho.
Foreign Broadcast Information Service – Latin America (1990b) "Hurtado Adresses Nation on Economic Measures". 9 Agosto.
Foreign Broadcast Information Service – Latin America (1991) "Survey Shows Aylwin Support at 75 Percent". 30 Outubro.
Foreign Broadcast Information Service – Latin America (1992) "Poll Respondents Reject CAP, Support Caldera." 25 Fevereiro.
FOXLEY, A. (1985) Para Una Democracia Estable. Santiago, CIEPLAN.
FOXLEY, A. (1990) La Política Económica par la Transición. In: MUÑOZ, O. (org.) Transición a la Democracia, Santiago, CIEPLAN, p.101-119.
GATICA, B., J., e R.RUIZ (1993) La Reducción de la Pobreza Durante el Gobierno de la Concertación. Manuscrito. Santiago: MIDEPLAN.
Gazeta Mercantil (1990) "Discurso na Reunião Ministerial". São Paulo, 17 Março.
GEDDES, B. (1994a) Challenging the Convencional Wisdom. Journal of Democracy, 5(4):104-118.
GEDDES, B. (1994b) Politician's Dilemma. Berkeley e Los Angeles, University of California Press.
GEDDES, B. (1995) Uses and Limitations of Rational Choice. In: SMITH, P. (org.) Latin America in Comparative Perspective. Boulder, CO, Westview Press, p.81-108.
GIAMBIAGI, F. (1991) Impasse Distributivo e Paralisia Fiscal. Planejamento e Políticas Públicas, 6:47-73.
GONÇALVES J.F. (1995) Entrevista do autor com o ex-acessor especial da Ministra Zélia Cardoso de Mello (1990-91). São Paulo, 30 Junho.
GONZALES DE OLARTE, E. (1993) Economic Stabilization and Structural Adjustment Under Fujimori. Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs, 35(2):51-80.
GONZÁLEZ, A.E. (1995) Entrevista do autor com o ex-Ministro da Economia (1989-91). Buenos Aires, 24 Março.
GRAHAM, C. (1993) Economic Austerity and the Peruvian Crisis. SAIS Review 31(1):45-60.
GREGORY, R., S., LICHTENSTEIN, e D. MACGREGOR (1993) The Role of Past States in Determining Reference Points for Policy Decisions. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 55:195-206.
GRINDLE, M. (1991) The New Political Economy. In: MEIER, G. (org.) Politics and Policy Making in Developing Countries. San Francisco, ICS Press, p.41-67.
GUILLERMOPIETRO, A. (1990) Letter from Lima. The New Yorker, 29 Outubro, pp.116-129.
HAGGARD, S. e R. KAUFMAN (1989) The Politics of Stabilization and Structural Adjustment. In: SACHS, J. (org.) Developing Country Debt and Economic Performance, vol. 1, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, p.209-254.
HAGGARD, S. e R. KAUFMAN (1994) The Challenges of Consolidation Journal of Democracy, 5(4): 5-16.
HAGGARD, e WEBB (orgs.) (1994) Voting for Reform. Oxford University Press.
HAUSMANN, R. (1995) Quitting Populism Cold Turkey. In: GOODMAN, L. et al. (orgs.) Lessons of the Venezuelan Experience, Washington DC, Woodrow Wilson Center Press, p.252-282.
HAWKINS, S., e R. HASTIE (1990) Hindsight: Biased Judments of Past Events After the Outcomes Are Known. Psycological Bulletin, 107:311-327.
Hoy (1990a) Parlamentarios de Cambio 90 Rechazan "Schock" de Fujimori, Lima, 8 Julho. Hoy (1990b) Sectores Laborales Rechazan "Schock". Lima, 23 Julho. Hoy (1994) "Crisis de Identidad en la Concertación". Santiago, 20 Junho.
HUNTINGTON, S. (1968) Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven, CT, Yale University Press.
IBOPE (1990a) Questionário OPP 553 – Brasil 2.680 – Maio/90. Rio de Janeiro: IBOPE.
IBOPE (1990b) Questionário OPP 602 – Brasil 3.650 – Agosto/90. Rio de Janeiro: IBOPE.
IDESP (1988) Projeto Democratização, Crise Política e Opinião Pública. Eleições de 1988 em São Paulo. São Paulo: IDESP.
IDESP (1989) Projeto Democratização, Crise Política e Opinião Pública. Eleições de 1989 em Niterói. São Paulo: IDESP.
IGUÍÑIZ ECHEVERRÍA, J. (1991) Peru: Ajuste e Inflación en el Plan Fujimori. In: ROZENWURCEL, G. (org.) Elecciones y Política Económica en América Latina, Buenos Aires, Tesis, p.387-432.
IMASEN (1993-95) IMASEN Confidencial. Lima: IMASEN.
JERVIS, R. (1992) Political Implications of Loss Aversion. Political Psychology, 13:187-204.
JONGKIND, F. (1993) Venezuelan Industry Under the Conditions of the 1989 Economic Policy. European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies, 54:56-93.
KAHLER, M. (1992) Orthodoxy and Its Alternatives. In: NELSON, J. (org.) Economic Crisis and Policy Choice, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, p.33-61.
KAHNEMAN, D., J. KNETSCH e R. THALER (1990) Experimental Tests of th Endowment Effect and the Coase Theorem, Journal of Political Economy, 98:1325-1348.
KAHNEMAN, D., e A. TVERSKY (1979) Prospect Theory. Econometrica, 47:263-291.
KAHNEMAN, D., e A. TVERSKY (1984) Choices, Values, and Frames. American Psychologist, 39:341-350.
KANDIR, A. (1992) Entrevista do autor com o ex-secretário de Política Econômica (1990-1991). São Paulo, 8 Junho.
KEELER, J. (1993) Opening the Window for Reform. Comparative Political Studies, 25:433-486.
KNETSCH, J. (1995) Assumptions, Behavioral Findings, and Policy Analysis. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 14(I): 68-78.
KOHAN, A. (1995) Entrevista do autor com o ex Secretario Geral da Presidencia (1989-1990). Buenos Aires, 22 Março.
KORNBLITH, M. (1993) Venezuela: Crisis Sociopolítica, Nuevas Reglas desl Juego y Estabilidad de la Democracia. In: MURILLO, G. (org.) Hacia la Consolidación Democrática Andina, p.241-292.
KRUSE, S. (1992) Peru: Anpassungspolitik und "Autogolpe". Lateinamerika, Supplement, 11:1-70.
LAGOS, R. (1993) Entrevista do autor com o ex-Presidente do Partido por la Democracia. Santiago, 26 Julho.
Latin America Weekly Report (1989) Tariff Lowering Causes Dismay. 8 Junho.
Latin America Weekly Report (1990a) Debate over Taking More IMF Medicine. 1º Fevereiro.
Latin America Weekly Report (1990b) Fujimori's Inaugural Package Shocks Even Members of His Own Party. 23 Agosto.
Latin America Weekly Report (1991) Conflict of Powers in Peru Worsens as Fujimori Defies Vote of Censure. 26 Dezembro.
LEVY, J. (1992) Prospect Theory and International Relations. Political Psychology, 13:283-310
LEVY, J. (1994) Prospect Theory, Aggregation Effects and Survivel Levels. Paper presented at the 90th Annual Meeting of the American
Political Science Association, New York, September 1-4.
LINVILLE, P. e G. FISCHER (1991) Preferences for Separating or Combining Events. Journal of Personality and Social Psycology, 60 (1):5-23.
LIPTON, D. e J. SACHS (1990) Creating a Market Economy in Eastern Europe. In: BRAINARD, W. and PETERS, G. (orgs.) Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Washington, DC, Brookings Institution, p.75-133.
LIZANA GREVE, P. (1993) Entrevista do autor com o Secretario de Programación Económica. Miniterio de Economia, Buenos Aires, 15 Março.
LOEWENTEIN, G. (1988) Frames of Mind in Intrtemporal Choice. Management Science, 34:200-214.
LOPES, L. (1994) Psychology and Econimics. Annual Review of Psychology, 45: 197-227.
LYNCH, E. (1991) The Economic Policy of Víctor Paz Estensoro. Paper presented to the XVI LASA Congress, Washington, DC, April 3-4.
LINCH N. (1992) Mentiras de Fujimori y culpas del Parlamento. Quehacer, 76:29-33.
MACHINA, M. (1987) Choice Under Uncertainty Jounal of Eonomic Perspectives, 1:121-154.
MARCEL, M. (1993) Entrevista do autor com o Asesor del Ministro de Hacienda. Santiago, 21 Julho.
MARTNER, G. (1993) La Transición Inconclusa y las Tareas del Socialismo. Manuscrito. Santiago.
McCLINTOCK, C. (1994) The Breakdown of Constitutional Democracy in Peru. Paper apresentado no XVIII Congresso da LASA, Atlanta, GA, 10-12 Março.
McDERMOTT, R. (n.d.) Risk-Taking in International Politics. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press. Em breve.
McGUIRE, J. (1994) Economic Reforms and Political Shenaningans in Menem’s Argentina. Paper apresentado no XVIII Congresso da LASA, Atlanta, GA, 10-12 Março.
MENEM, C. (1994) Hemos Cambiado la História. Buenos Aires, Secretaria de Medios de Comunicación. Presidencia. Mercurio (1993) La Economía, ¿Es todo? Santiago, 31 Julho.
MONDINO, G., F. STURZENEGGER, e M. TOMMASI (1992) Recirrent High Inflation and Stabilization. Working Paper no. 678. Department of Economics, UCLA.
MORALES, J. e J. SACHS (1989) Bolivia’s Economic Crisis. In: SACHS, J. (org.) Developing Country Debt and economic Performance, vol. 2, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, p.157-268.
MORA Y ARAUJO, M. (1992) Nuevos Líderes y Partidos. In: Una tarea Inconclusa, edited bt Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos,
San José, costa Rica: IIDH-CAPEL, p.485-492.
MORA Y ARAUJO/SOCMERC (1989) Informe General 89/2, Marzo. Buenos Aires: Mora y Araujo/SOCMERC.
MORA Y ARAUJO/SOCMERC (1990) Análisis Socio-Político de la Coyuntura Argentina. Síntesis de Septiembre. Buenos Aires: Mora y Araujo/SOCMERC.
MORA Y ARAUJO/SOCMERC (1995) Análisis Socio-Político de la Coyuntura Argentina. Síntesis de Febrero. Buenos Aires: Mora y Araujo/SOCMERC.
MOREIRA, M.M. (1992) Entrevista do autor com o Ministro da Economia. Brasília, 9 Julho.
MORLEY, S. e ALVAREZ (1992) Poverty and Adjustment in Venezuela. Working Paper nº. 92- W04. Department of economics, Vanderbilt University.
MORROW, J. (1995) A Rational Choice Approach to International Conflict. Hoover Instituition/Stanford University.
MURRELL, P. (1993) What Is Shock Therapy? Post-Soviet Affairs, 9(2):111-140.
MYERS, D. (1993) Percepciones de una Democracia Bajo Presión” In: SERBIN, A. (org.) Venezuela: la Democracia Bajo Presión, Caracas, Nueva Sociedad, p.43-68.
MAÍN, M. (1993a) Latin America: Post-Adjustment Blues. Foreign Policy, 92:133-150.
MAÍN, M. (1993b) Paper Tigers and Minotaurs. Whashington, DC, Carnegie Endowment.
MAÍN, M. (1993c) The political management of Radical economic Change. In: TULCHIN, J. (org.) Venezuela in the Wake of Radical Reform, J. Tulchin (org.), p. 147-178. Boulder, CO, Lynne Rienner, p.228-243.
NAVARRO, J.C. (1994) Reforming Social policy in Venezuela. Paper apresentado no XVIII Congresso da LASA, Atlanta, GA, 10-12 Março.
NELSON, J. (1990) “Conclusions.” In: NELSON, J. Economic Crisis and Policy Choice, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, p.321-361.
NORDHAUSS, W. (1975) The Political Business Cycle. Review of Economic Studies, 42: 169-190.
O’DONNELL, G. (1994) Delegative Democracy. Journal od Democracy, 5(1):55-69.
OMINAMI, C. (1990) Growth Is Compatible with sicak Equity. CEPAL Review, 41:15-18.
Página Libre (1990) Fujimori Amonestó en Reunión Privada a Grupo de Dirigentes “Rebeldes”. Lima, 9 Julho.
PAREDES, C. (1991) In the Aftermath of Hyperinflation. In: SACHS, J. and PAREDES, C. (orgs.) Peru’s Path to Recovery, Washington DC, Brookings Institution, p.299-322.
PAREDES PISANI, E. (1993) La Política Económica en Venezuela a Partir de 1989. In:
PAREDES, Pisani et al. (org.) Venezuela: Opciones para una Estratégia Económica, Caracas, Nueva Sociedad, p.19-52.
PARTIDO SOCIALISTA DE CHILE (1992) Propuesta Programática de los Socialistas para el Segundo Gobierno de la Concertación (1994-2002). Santiago, Partido Socialista de Chile.
PAYNE, J., J. BETTMAN, e E.JOHNSON (1992) Behavioral Decision Research. Annual Review of Psichology, 43:87-131.
PEÑAFLOR, G.,G. (1992) Y El Ganador Es... Quehacer, 80:30-37.
PETRAS, J. e F.LEIVA (1994) Democracy and Poverty in Chile. Boulder, CO, Westview Press.
PORTES, A. e R.SHAUFFLER (1993) Competing Perspectives on the Lartin American Informal Sector. Population and Development Review, 19:33-60.
POWER, T.(1991) Politicized Democracy. Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 33(3):75-112.
PRZEWOSKI, A. (1991) Democracy and the Market. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
PRZEWOSKI, A. (1992) The Neoliberal Fallacy. Journal of Democracy, 3(3):45-49.
QUATTRONE, G. e A. TVERSKY (1988)Contrasting Rational and Psychological Analyses of Political Choice. American Political Science Review, 82:719-736.
QUIGGIN, J.(1993) Generalized Expected Utility Theory. Dordrecht, Holland, Kluwer.
REMMER, K. (1991) The Political Impact of Economic Crisis in Latin America in the 1980s. American Political Science Review, 85:777-800.
REMMER, K. (1993) The Political Economy of Elections in Latin America, 1980-1991 American Political Science Review, 87:393-407.
RIKER, W. (1990) Political Science and Rational Choice. In: ALT, J. e SHEPSLE, K. (orgs.) Perspectives on Positive Political Economy, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, p.163-
ROGOFF, K. e A.SIBERT (1988) Elections and Macroeconomic Policy Cycles. Review of Economic Studies, 55:1-16.
RUBIO CORREA, M.(1992) El Espejismo de la Fuerza. Quehacer, 77:4-13.
SACHS,J. (1993)Poland’s Jump to the Market Economy. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press.
SCHNEIDER, B. (1991) Brazil under Collor. World Policy Journal, 8:321-347.
SHEANAN, J.(1994) Peru’s Return Toward an Open Economy. World Development, 22(6):911-923.
SMITH, W. (1991) State, Market and Neoliberalism in Post-Transition Argentina. Journal of Inteamerican Studies and World Affairs, 33(4):45-82.
STALLINGS, B. (1992) International Influence on Economic Policy. In: HAGGARD, S e KAUFAMAN, R. (orgs.) The Politics of Economic Adjustment, Princeton, NJ, Priceton University Press, p.41-88.
STEIN, J.G, E PAULY, (orgs.) (1993) Choosing to Co-Operate. Baltimore, MD, Johns Hopkins University Press.
TELLO, A. (1995) Entrevista do autor com o ex-Gerente, Confederación Nacional de Instituiciones Empresariales Privadas (1992-95). Lima, 7 Fevereiro.
TEMPLETON, A. (1995) The Evolution of Popular Opinion. In: GOODMAN, L. et al. (orgs.) Lessons of the Venezuelan Experience, Washington, DC, Woodrow Wilson Center Press, p.79-114.
TEMPORAL, A. (1992) Entrevista do autor com o ex-presidente da Confederação das Associações Comerciais do Brasil. Rio de Janeiro, 20 Julho.
THALER, R. e E. JOHNSON (1990) Gambling with the House Money and Trying to Break Even. Management Science, 36:643-660.
TORRES Y TORRES Y LARA, C. (1992) Los Nudos del Poder. Lima, Desarrollo y Paz.
TSEBELIS, G. (1990) Nested Games. Berkeley e Los Angeles, University of California Press.
TUFTE, E. (1978) Political Control of the Economy. Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press.
TVERSKY, A. e D.KAHNEMAN (1992)Advances in Prospect Theory. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 5:297-323.
TVERSKY, A. e KOEHLER, D. (1994) Support Theory. Psychological Review, 101:547-567.
UBALDINI, S. (1995) Entrevista do autor com o ex-Secretário Geral da Confederación General del Trabajo (1985-92), Buenos Aires, 15 Março.
VASCONCELOS, M. (1989) Entrevista do autor com o Chefe da Assessoria Econômica do Gabinete Civil. Brasília, 3 Outubro.
WAISMAN, C. (1992) Argentina’s Revolution From Above. In: EPSTEIN, E. (org.) The New Argentine Democracy, Westport, CT, Praeger, p.228-243.
WEBER, M. (1976) Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, 5 ed, Tübingen, Germany, J.C.B. Mohr.
WELCH, J. (1991) Monetary Policy, Hyperinflation, and Internal Debt Repudiation in Argentina and Brazil, Paper apresentado no XVI Congresso da LASA, Washington, DC: 2-4 Abril.
WEYLAND, K. (1993) The Rise and Fall of President Collor and Its Impact on Brazilian Democracy. Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs, 35(1):1-37.
WILLIANSON, J. (org.) (1994) The Political Economy of the Reform. Washington, DC, Institute for Intenational Economics.
WISE, C. (1994) The Politics of Peruvian Economic Reform. Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs, 36(1): 75-125.
WORLD BANK (1989) Peru: Policies to Stop Hyperinflation and Iniciate Economic Recovery, Washington DC, World Bank.
WORLD BANK (1993) Argentina: From Insolvency to Growth. Washington DC: World Bank.
A Opinião Pública utiliza a licença do Creative Commons (CC), preservando assim, a integridade dos artigos em ambiente de acesso aberto.
Downloads
