Keywords
Affective polarization
Culture wars
How to Cite
Abstract
While there is abundant anecdotal evidence of political polarization in Brazil, empirical studies have largely focused on voting patterns. Based on two historical series of opinion polls (Latin American Public Opinion Project and World Values Survey), we investigate the occurrence of political polarization in four established ways: polarization of opinions on political issues, polarization of political identities, sorting of opinions and identities and affective polarization. We found that there is polarization of opinion about gay rights and about divorce both as a process and as a state. Political identities have also been polarized since 2010, especially among the elderly and the less educated, without any significant increase in ideological sorting. Finally, we found that, among the politically engaged, there is affective polarization around some identities.
References
ABRAMOWITZ, A.; SAUNDERS, K. L. “Is polarization a myth?”. The Journal of Politics, Chicago, vol. 70, n° 2, p. 542-555, 2008.
AMES, B.; SMITH, A. E. “Knowing left from right: ideological identification in Brazil, 2002-2006”. Journal of Politics in Latin America, vol. 2, n° 3, p. 3-38, 2010.
BADAMI, M.; NASRAOUI, O.; SUN, W.; SHAFTO, P. “Detecting polarization in ratings: an automated pipeline and a preliminary quantification on several benchmark data sets”. IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data), Boston, p. 2.682-2.690, 2017.
BALANDA, K. P.; MACGILLIVRAY, H. L. “Kurtosis: a critical review”. The American Statistician, Chicago, vol. 42, n° 2, p. 111-119, 1988.
BORGES, A.; VIDIGAL, R. “Do lulismo ao antipetismo? Polarização, partidarismo e voto nas eleições presidenciais brasileiras”. Opinião Pública, Campinas, vol. 24, n° 1, p. 53-89, 2018.
BOXEL, L.; GENTZKOW, M.; SHAPIRO, J. M. “Greater Internet use is not associated with faster growth in political polarization among US demographic groups”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS), Washington, vol. 114, n° 40, p. 10.612-10.617, 2017.
DALTON, R. J. The decline of party identification. In: DALTON, R. J.; WATTENBERG, M. Parties without partisans: political change in advanced industrial democracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 19-36, 2000.
DALTON, R. J. “Apartisans and the changing German electorate”. Electoral Studies, London, vol. 31, n° 1, p. 35-45, 2012.
DANIGELIS, N. L.; HARDY, M.; CUTLER, S. J. “Population aging, intracohort aging, and sociopolitical attitudes”. American Sociological Review, Chicago, vol. 72, n° 1, p. 812-830, 2007.
DIMAGGIO, P.; EVANS, J.; BRYSON, B. “Have American social attitudes become more polarized?”. The American Journal of Sociology, Chicago, vol. 102, n° 3, p. 690-755, 1996.
EVANS, J. “Have American’s attitudes become more polarized? – An update”. Social Science Quarterly, Nova Jersey, vol. 84, n° 1, p. 71-90, 2003.
FIORINA, M. P.; ABRAMS, S. J. “Political polarization in the American public”. Annual Review of Political Science, Palo Alto, vol. 11, n° 1, p. 563-588, 2008.
FIORINA, M. P., ABRAMS, S. J.; POPE, J. Culture war?: The myth of a polarized America. New York: Pearson, 2004.
FUCHS, D.; KLINGEMANN, H. D. The left-right schema. In: JENNINGS, M. K., et al. (eds.). Continuities in political action. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1990.
GOERRES, A. “Why are older people more likely to vote? The impact of ageing on electoral turnout in Europe”. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, London, vol. 9, n° 1, p. 90-121, 2007.
HARTMAN, A. A war for the soul of America: a history of the culture wars. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016.
HUNTER, J. D. Culture wars: the struggle to control the family, art, education, law, and politics in America. New York: Basic Books, 1991.
IYENGAR, S.; SOOD, G.; LELKES, Y. “Affect, not ideology: a social identity perspective on polarization”. Public Opinion Quarterly, Oxford, vol. 76, n° 3, p. 405-431, 2012.
LAYTON, M., et al. “Demographic polarization and the rise of the far right: Brazil’s 2018 presidential election”. Research & Politics, vol. 8, n° 1, 2021.
LAUKA, A.; MCCOY, J.; FIRAT, R. B. “Mass partisan polarization: measuring a relational concept”. American Behavioral Scientist, Thousand Oaks, vol. 62, n° 1, p. 107-126, 2018.
LIMONGI, F.; CORTEZ, R. “As eleições de 2010 e o quadro partidário”. Novos Estudos – Cebrap, São Paulo, n° 88, p. 21-37, 2010.
MASON, L. “‘I disrespectfully agree’: the differential effects of partisan sorting on social and issue polarization”. American Journal of Political Science, Bloomington, vol. 59, n° 1, p. 128-145, 2015.
MASON, L. Uncivil agreement: how politics became our identity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018.
MIGNOZZETTI, U.; SPEKTOR, M. Brazil: when political oligarchies limit polarization but fuel populism. In: CAROTHERS, T.; DONOHUE, A. (eds.). Democracies divided: the global challenge of political polarization. Washington: Brookings Institution Press, 2019.
MORALES, A. J., et al. “Measuring political polarization: Twitter shows the two sides of Venezuela”. Chaos, College Park, vol. 25, n° 3, p. 033114, 2015.
GUEDES-NETO, J. V. “Voto e identificação partidária em 2018: ordenação social na política brasileira”. Opinião Pública, Campinas, vol. 26, p. 431-451, 2021.
NICOLAU, J. “Vermelhos e azuis: um estudo sobre os determinantes do voto nas eleições presidenciais brasileiras (2002-2010)”. IX Encontro da Associação Brasileira de Ciência Política, Brasília, 2014.
NORRIS, P.; INGLEHART, R. Cultural backlash: Trump, Brexit and authoritarian populism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019.
PEREIRA, F. B. “Non causa pro causa: o voto de direita e esquerda no Brasil”. Opinião Pública, Campinas, vol. 26, n° 2, p. 154-179, 2020.
PRIOR, M. “Media and political polarization”. Annual Review of Political Science, Palo Alto, vol. 16, n° 1, p. 101-127, 2013.
RENNÓ, L. “The Bolsonaro voter: issue positions and vote choice in the 2018 Brazilian presidential elections”. Latin American Politics and Society, vol. 62, n° 4, p. 1-23, 2020.
SAMUELS, D.; Zucco, C. Partisans, antipartisans, and nonpartisans: voting behavior in Brazil. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.
SHIVELY, W. P. “The relationship between age and party identification: a cohort analysis”. Political Methodology, Cambridge, vol. 6, n° 4, p. 437-446, 1979.
TAJFEL, H. Human groups and social categories. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.
TAJFEL, H.; TURNER, J. An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In: AUSTIN, W. G.; WORCHEL, S. (eds.). The social psychology of intergroup relations. Monterey: Brooks, 1979.
TWENGE, J. M., et al. “More polarized but more independent: political party identification and ideological self-categorization among U.S. adults, college students, and late adolescents, 1970-2015”. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Thousand Oaks, vol. 42, n° 10, p. 1.364-1.383, 2016.
VICTOR, P., et al. “Trust- and distrust-based recommendations for controversial reviews”. IEEE Intelligent Systems, Washington, vol. 26, n° 1, p. 48-55, 2011.
ZECHMEISTER, E. J.; CORRAL, M. “Individual and contextual constraints on ideological labels in Latin America”. Comparative Political Studies, vol. 46, n° 6, p. 675-701, 2012.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2022 Opinião Pública
Downloads
