Palabras clave
Brasil
Europa Occidental
Identidades negativas
Democracia
Cómo citar
Resumen
Este artículo analiza los factores individuales que ayudan a entender el apoyo electoral a Jair Bolsonaro en las elecciones presidenciales de 2018 en Brasil a la luz de los hallazgos acerca de la Derecha Populista Radical (PRR) en la Europa Occidental. El artículo contribuye a la literatura comparada sobre los determinantes del voto al PRR en un país no europeo. Analizar el ascenso del PRR en América Latina es particularmente relevante ya que las restricciones estructurales limitan sus posibilidades. Para llevar a cabo nuestro análisis, nos basamos en los datos de encuesta del Estudio Electoral Brasileño (BES). Más allá de algunas especificidades debidas a las diferencias en la articulación de las principales ideologías del PRR, encontramos que mientras ciertos determinantes del voto al PRR en Brasil están en línea con la expectativa basada en la experiencia europea, otros responden a nivel de país y de región, como la identidad negativa hacia el PT.
Citas
AFP NEWS. Racism “rare” in Brazil, says far right Bolsonaro. AFP, 2019. Available at: https://www.france24.com/en/20190508-racism-rare-brazil-says-far-right-bolsonaro. Access on: Sep. 30, 2021.
ARAÚJO, V. “Pentecostalismo e antipetismo nas eleições presidenciais brasileiras”. Latin American Research Review, vol. 57, p. 517-535, 2022.
BETZ, H. G. Radical right-wing populism in Western Europe. London: Palgrave MacMillan, 1994.
BONIN, R. Popularidade de Lula bate recorde, [online]. O Globo, 2010. Available at: http://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2010/12/popularidade-de-lula-bate-recorde-e-chega-87-diz-ibope.html. Access on: Sep. 30, 2021.
BORNSCHIER, S. “The new cultural divide and the two-dimensional political space in Western Europe”. West European Politics, vol. 33, n° 3, p. 419-444, 2010.
CREMER, T. “A Europeanisation of American Politics? Trumpism and the populist radical right in the United States”. Journal of Language & Politics [in press], 2023.
DALIO, R., et al. “Populism: The phenomenon”. Bridgewater: Daily Observations, vol. 203, p. 1-61, 2017.
DE LA TORRE, C.; ARNSON, C. Latin American populism in the Twenty-First Century. Baltimore and Washington, DC: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013.
DONOVAN, T. “Authoritarian attitudes and support for radical right populists”. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties, vol. 29, nº 4, p. 448-464, 2019.
EATWELL, R.; GOODWIN, M. National populism: the revolt against liberal democracy. London: Pelican Books, 2018.
EMANUELE, V.; SANTANA, A.; RAMA J. “Anatomy of the Italian populist breakthrough: a ‘demarcationist’ fuel driving Lega and Five-star Movement electoral success?”. Contemporary Italian Politics, vol. 14, nº 1, p. 49-67, 2022.
FERREIRA, M.; FUKS, M. “O hábito de frequentar cultos como mecanismo de mobilização eleitoral: o voto evangélico em Bolsonaro em 2018”. Revista Brasileira de Ciência Política, nº 34, p. 1-27, 2021.
FUKS, M.; RIBEIRO, E.; BORBA, J. “From antipetismo to generalized antipartisanship: the impact of rejection of political parties on the 2018 vote for Bolsonaro”. Brazilian Political Science Review vol. 15, nº 1, p. 1-28, 2021.
FRANKLIN, M.; MACKIE, T.; VALEN, H. Electoral change. Responses to evolving social and attitudinal structures in western countries. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
FUNKE, M.; SCHULARICK, M.; TREBESCH C. “Going to extremes: politics after financial crisis, 1870-2014”. European Economic Review, vol. 88, p. 227-260, 2016.
HAWKINS, K. A.; ROVIRA KALTWASSER, C. Introduction: the ideational approach. In: HAWKINS, K. A., et al. (eds.). The ideational approach to populism: concept, theory, and analysis. New York: Routledge, p. 1-24, 2019.
HERNÁNDEZ, E.; KRIESI, H. “The electoral consequences of the financial and economic crisis in Europe”. European Journal of Political Research, vol. 55, nº 2, p. 203-224, 2016.
HUNTER, W.; POWER, T. J. “Bolsonaro and Brazil's illiberal backlash”. Journal of Democracy vol. 30, nº 1, p. 68-82, 2019.
IGNAZI, P. “The silent counter‐revolution: hypotheses on the emergence of extreme right‐wing parties in Europe”. European Journal of Political Research vol. 22, nº 1, p. 3-34, 1992.
IGNAZI, P. Party and democracy: the uneven road to party legitimacy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.
IVARSFLATEN, E. “What unites the populist right in Western Europe? Reexamining grievance mobilization models in seven successful cases”. Comparative Political Studies, vol. 41, nº 1, 3-23, 2008.
KAUFMANN, E. “Levels or changes?: Ethnic context, immigration and the UK Independence Party vote”. Electoral Studies, vol. 48, p. 57-69, 2017.
LACLAU, E. On populist reason. London: Verso Books, 2005.
LAYTON, M., et al. “Demographic polarization and the rise of the far right: Brazil’s 2018 presidential election”. Research & Politics January-March, p. 1-7, 2021.
LEHMAN, S. A look at offensive comments by Brazilian candidate Bolsonaro [online]. AP News, 2018. Available at: https://apnews.com/article/1f9b79df9b1d4f14aeb1694f0dc13276. Access on: Sep. 30, 2021.
LONDOÑO, E. The antithesis of Bolsonaro: a gay couple roils Brazil’s far right, [online]. The New York Times, 2019. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/20/world/americas/brazil-bolsonaro-greenwald.html. Access on: Sep. 30, 2021.
LUNA, J. P.; ROVIRA KALTWASSER, C. (Eds.). The resilience of the Latin American right. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014.
LUNA, J. P.; ROVIRA KALTWASSER, C. (Eds.). “Castigo a los oficialismos y ciclo político de derecha en América Latina”. Revista Uruguaya de Ciencia Política, vol. 30, nº 1, p. 135-155, 2021.
MADRID, R. The rise of ethnic Politics in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
MELÉNDEZ, C. El mal menor: vínculos políticos en el Perú posterior al colapso del sistema de partidos. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos, 2019.
MELÉNDEZ, C.; ROVIRA KALTWASSER, C. “Political identities: the missing link in the study of populism”. Party Politics, vol. 25, nº 4, p. 520-533, 2019.
MONESTIER, F.; VOMMARO, G. “Los partidos de la derecha en América Latina tras el giro a la izquierda. Apuntes para una agenda de investigación”. Revista Uruguaya de Ciencia Política, vol. 30, nº 1, p. 7-22, 2021.
MORGAN, J. Bankrupt representation and party system collapse. University Park: Penn State University Press, 2011.
MOLS, F.; JETTEN, J. “Explaining the appeal of populist right-wing parties in times of economic prosperity”. Political Psychology, vol. 37, nº 2, p. 275-292, 2016.
MUDDE, C. Racist extremism in Central & Eastern Europe. London: Routledge, 2005.
MUDDE, C. Populist radical right parties in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
MUDDE, C. “The study of populist radical right parties: towards a fourth wave”. C-Rex Working Paper Series vol. 1, p. 1-23, 2017.
MUDDE, C. The far right today. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2019.
MUDDE, C.; ROVIRA KALTWASSER, C. (Eds.). Populism in Europe and the Americas: threat or corrective for democracy?. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
MUDDE, C.; ROVIRA KALTWASSER, C. (Eds.). Populism. A very short introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.
NORRIS, P.; INGLEHART, R. Cultural backlash: Trump, Brexit, and authoritarian populism. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2019.
PEIXOTO, V.; RENNÓ, L. “Mobilidade social ascendente e voto: as eleições presidenciais de 2010 no Brasil”. Opinião Pública, vol. 17, nº 2, p. 304-332, 2011.
RAMA J., et al. Vox: the rise of the Spanish populist radical right. London: Routledge, 2021.
REEVES, P. Dictatorship was a “very good” period, says Brazil’s aspiring president, [online]. National Public Radio, 2018. Available at: https://www.npr.org/2018/07/30/631952886/dictatorship-was-a-very-good-period-says-brazil-s-aspiring-president. Access on: Sep. 30, 2021.
RENNÓ, L. “The Bolsonaro voter: issue positions and vote choice in the 2018 Brazilian presidential elections”. Latin American Politics and Society, vol. 62, nº 4, p. 1-23, 2020.
RICO, G.; ANDUIZA, E. “Economic correlates of populist attitudes: an analysis of nine European countries in the aftermath of the great recession”. Acta Politica, vol. 54, nº 3, p. 371-397, 2019.
ROBERTS, K. “Populism, political conflict, and grass-roots organization in Latin America”. Comparative Politics, vol. 38, nº 2, p. 127-148, 2006.
ROBERTS, K. “State of the field. Party politics in hard times: comparative perspectives on the European and Latin American economic crises”. European Journal of Political Research, vol. 56, nº 2, p. 218-233, 2017.
ROODUIJN, M.; BURGOON, B. “The paradox of well-being: do unfavourable socioeconomic and sociocultural contexts deepen or dampen radical left and right voting among the less well-off?”, Comparative Political Studies, vol. 51, nº 13, p. 1.720-1.753, 2017.
ROVIRA KALTWASSER, C. “The responses of populism to Dahl's democratic dilemmas”. Political Studies, vol. 62, nº 3, p. 470-487, 2014.
ROVIRA KALTWASSER, C.; SALAS-LEWIN, R.; ZANOTTI, L. “Supporting and rejecting the Populist Radical Right: evidence from contemporary Chile”. Unpublished manuscript, 2022.
SAMUELS, D.; ZUCCO, C. Partisans, antipartisans, and nonpartisans: voting behavior in Brazil. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.
SANTOS, F.; TANSCHEIT, T. “Quando velhos atores saem de cena: a ascensão da nova direita política no Brasil”. Colombia Internacional, vol. 99, p. 151-186, 2019.
SERRA, B.; PITOMBO, J. Bolsonaro praises the military and says that Brazil under the dictatorship was not too different from today. Folha de S. Paulo, 2021. Available at: https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/internacional/en/brazil/2021/02/bolsonaro-praises-the-military-and-says-that-brazil-under-the-dictatorship-was-not-too-different-from-today.shtml. Access on: Sep. 30, 2021.
SINGER, A. O Lulismo em crise: um quebra-cabeça do Período Dilma (2011-2016). São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2018.
SETZLER, M. “Did Brazilians vote for Jair Bolsonaro because they share his most controversial views?”. Brazilian Political Science Review, vol. 15, nº 1, p. 1-16, 2021.
STOCKEMER, D.; LENTZ, T.; MAYER, D. “Individual predictors of the radical right-wing vote in Europe: a meta-analysis of articles in peer-reviewed journals (1995–2016)”. Government and Opposition, vol. 53, nº 1, p. 569-593, 2018.
WEYLAND, K. “Clarifying a contested concept: populism in the study of Latin American politics”. Comparative Politics, vol. 34, nº 1, p. 1-22, 2001.
ZANOTTI, L. “How’s life after the collapse? Populism as a representation linkage and the emergence of a populist/anti-populist political divide in Italy (1994–2018)”. Frontiers in Political Science, n° 79, 2021.
ZANOTTI, L.; ROBERTS, K. “(Aún) la excepción y no la regla: la derecha populista radical en América Latina”. Revista Uruguaya de Ciencia Política, vol. 30, nº 1, p. 23-48, 2021.
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
Derechos de autor 2023 Opinião Pública
Descargas
