Palabras clave
Imágenes
Estereotipos
Entrevistas
Marca nacional
Prestigio
Cómo citar
Resumen
Brasil es un país emergente con un enorme potencial y la ambición de convertirse en un actor importante en la política mundial. Alcanzar un alto estatus internacional, sin embargo, depende no sólo de las aspiraciones, sino de las percepciones intersubjetivas de los Estados que ya están establecidos como grandes potencias. El ascenso de Brasil está vinculado no sólo a sus atributos de poder, sino también a cómo el país es percibido por los demás. Este artículo avanza en el estudio de la situación de Brasil analizando la imagen del país según las percepciones de la comunidad de política exterior de los miembros permanentes del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas. Contribuye a los estudios de Relaciones Internacionales al abordar la relación entre la imagen de una nación y su nivel de prestigio. El artículo sostiene que el conocimiento sobre Brasil es limitado incluso entre los países de élite mundial y se asocia principalmente a estereotipos superficiales.
Citas
AMANCIO, T. O Brasil dos gringos: imagens no cinema. Niterói: Intertexto, 2000.
ANDRADE, L. C. "O Brasil em busca de um assento permanente no conselho de segurança: análise construtivista da política externa de 1945 a 2011". In: Anais 1º Seminário Nacional de Pós-Graduação em Relações Internacionais - "Governança e Instituições Internacionais", Brasília, abr.2012.
ARRAES, V. C. "O Brasil e o Conselho de Segurança da Organização das Nações Unidas: dos anos 90 a 2002". Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional (RBPI), vol. 48, nº 2, p. 152–168, 2005.
BARBOSA, L. N. H. The Brazilian jeitinho: An exercise in national identity. In: HESS, D.; DAMATTA, R. (eds.). The Brazilian puzzle: Culture on the borderlands of the western world, p. 35–48, 1995.
BARKIN, S. ‘Qualitative’ Methods?. In: KLOTZ, A.; PRAKASH, D. (Eds.). Qualitative Methods in International Relations. [S.l.]: Springer, p. 211–220, 2008.
BEAUMONT, P.; RØREN, P. Brazil’s Status Struggles: Why Nice Guys Finish Last. In: ESTEVES, P.; JUMBERT, M.G.; CARVALHO, B. (Eds.). Status and the Rise of Brazil: Global Ambitions, Humanitarian Engagement and International Challenges. [S.l.]: Springer, p. 31–48, 2020.
BERRIDGE, G.; JAMES, A. A dictionary of diplomacy. 2ª ed. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.
BIGNAMI, R. A imagem do Brasil no turismo: construção, desafios e vantagem competitiva. São Paulo: Aleph, 2002.
BOULDING, K. E. The Image. Ann Arbour: University of Michigan Press, 1956.
BRAUN, V.; CLARKE, V. "Using thematic analysis in psychology". Qualitative Research in Psychology, vol. 3, nº 2, p. 77–101, jan. 2006.
BRAUN, V.; CLARKE, V.. Successful qualitative research: A practical guide for beginners. London: sage, 2013.
BRAUN, V.; CLARKE, V. "Reflecting on reflexive thematic analysis". Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, vol. 11, nº 4, p. 589–597, ago. 2019
BRAUN, V.; CLARKE, V. Thematic analysis - a reflexive approach. Available at: <https://www.psych.auckland.ac.nz/en/about/thematic-analysis.html>. Accessed on: 23 out. 2019b.
BRYMAN, A. Social research methods. 4ª ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.
BUARQUE, D. Copa e Olimpíada são chances de Brasil deixar de ser “país da festa”, diz consultor. G1, São Paulo, out. 2009. Available at: http://g1.globo.com/Noticias/Mundo/0,,MRP1331627-5602,00.html>. Accessed on: 30 May 2018.
BUARQUE, D. Brazil um país do presente: A imagem internacional do "país do futuro". São Paulo: Alameda Casa Editorial, 2013.
BUARQUE, D. "One country, two cups — The international image of Brazil in 1950 and in 2014: A Study of the Reputation and the Identity of Brazil as projected by the international media during the two FIFA World Cups in the country". International Journal of Communication, vol. 9, p. 19, 2015.
BUARQUE, D. "Jogos consolidam imagem do Brasil como país decorativo". Folha de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2016. Available at:<http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/esporte/olimpiada-rio/2016/08/1805961-jogos-consolidam-imagem-do-brasil-como-pais-decorativo.shtml>. Accessed on: 16 Dec. 2017.
BUARQUE, D. "Imaginário sobre o Brasil no exterior permanece marcado por estereótipos". Folha de São Paulo, São Paulo, fev. 2017. Available at: http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/ilustrissima/2017/02/1855524-imaginario-sobre-o-brasil-noexterior-permance-marcado-por-estereotipos.shtml>. Accessed on: 22 Feb. 2019.
BUARQUE, D. "The Tainted Spotlight - How crisis overshadowed Brazil’s public diplomacy bet in hosting sports events and led to a downgrade of the country’s reputation". Revista Trama, vol. 8, nº 3, 2018. Available at: http://editorarevistas.mackenzie.br/index.php/tint/issue/archive>. Accessed on: 26 June 2018.
BUARQUE, D. "Brazil Is Not (Perceived as) a Serious Country: Exposing Gaps between the External Images and the International Ambitions of the Nation". Brasiliana-Journal for Brazilian Studies, vol. 8, nº 1–2, p. 285–314, 2019.
BUARQUE, D. "What makes a serious country? The status of Brazil’s seriousness from the perspective of great powers". Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, Dec. 2022. Available at:<https://link.springer.com/10.1057/s41254-022-00290-2>. Accessed on: 21 March 2023.
CARVALHO, B. Brazil’s (Frustrated) Quest for Higher Status. In: ESTEVES, P.; JUMBERT, M. G.; CARVALHO,B. (Eds.). Status and the Rise of Brazil: Global Ambitions, Humanitarian Engagement and International Challenges. [S.l.]: Springer, p. 19–30, 2020.
CARVALHO, E. "Na Lente de Lá, a Imagem de um Brasil entre o Imundo e o Civilizado". Travessias, vol. 2, nº 2, 2008.
CASARÕES, G. Leaving the Club Without Slamming the Door: Brazil’s Return to Middle-Power Status. In: ESTEVES, P.; JUMBERT, M.G.; CARVALHO, B. (Eds.). Status and the Rise of Brazil: Global Ambitions, Humanitarian Engagement and International Challenges. [S.l.]: Springer, p. 89–110, 2020.
CLUNAN, A. L. Why status matters in world politics. In: Paul, T.V.; Larson, D. W.; Wohlforth, W. C. (Eds.). Status in world politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 273–296, 2014.
DAFOE, A.; RENSHON, J.; HUTH, P. "Reputation and Status as Motives for War". Annual Review of Political Science, vol. 17, nº 1, p. 371–393, May 2014.
DENNISON, S. "Olhar estrangeiro de Lúcia Murat e a representação do Brasil em telas estrangeiras". Revista Trama, vol. 8, nº 3, 2017. Available at: http://editorarevistas.mackenzie.br/index.php/tint/issue/archive>. Accessed on: 12 Oct. 2019.
DOTY, R. L. "Foreign policy as social construction: A post-positivist analysis of US counterinsurgency policy in the Philippines". International Studies Quarterly, vol. 37, nº 3, p. 297–320, 1993.
ESTEVES, P.; HERZ, M. Climbing the Ladder: Brazil and the International Security Field. In: ESTEVES, P.; JUMBERT, M. G.; CARVALHO, B. (Eds.). Status and the Rise of Brazil: Global Ambitions, Humanitarian Engagement and International Challenges. [S.l.]: Springer, p. 113–131, 2020.
ESTEVES, P.; JUMBERT, M. G.; CARVALHO, B. (Orgs.). Status and the Rise of Brazil. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2020.
FLICK, U. An introduction to qualitative research. 4ª ed. Los Angeles: Sage Publications, 2009.
FLICK, U.; KARDORFF, E.; STEINKE, I. (Orgs.). A companion to qualitative research. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 2004.
GARCIA, E. V. "De como o Brasil quase se tornou membro permanente do Conselho de Segurança da ONU em 1945". Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional, vol. 54, nº 1, p.159-177, 2011.
GARDINI, G. L. Brazil: The State of the Art of Its Rise and Power Projection. In: GARDINI, G. L.; ALMEIDA, M. H. T. (Eds). Foreign Policy Responses to the Rise of Brazil: Balancing Power in Emerging States. [S.l.]: Springer, p. 12–28, 2016.
GILADY, L. The Price of Prestige: Conspicuous Waste in International Relations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017. Available at: http://www.bibliovault.org/BV.landing.epl?ISBN=9780226433349>. Accessed on: 9 June 2021.
GO, F. M.; GOVERS, R. (Orgs.). International Place Branding Yearbook 2011. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2011. Available at: http://link.springer.com/10.1057/9780230343320>. Accessed on: 8 Feb. 2018.
GÖTZ, E. "Status Matters in World Politics". International Studies Review, set. 2020. Available at: <https://academic.oup.com/isr/advance-article/doi/10.1093/isr/viaa046/5905886>. Accessed on: 1 Oct. 2020.
GRINA, J. J. "Brazil’s Rise to Global Power". Master of Arts in Securuity Studies. Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California, 2014.
GUIMARÃES, T. Olimpíada ameaça imagem do Brasil mais do que crise, afirma criador de ranking. BBC Brasil em Londres, mar. 2016. Available at:<https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/noticias/2016/03/160322_marca_brasil_tg >. Accessed on: 29 Nov. 2023.
GUZZINI, S. The return of geopolitics in Europe?: social mechanisms and foreign policy identity crises. [S.l.]: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
JIMÉNEZ-MARTÍNEZ, C. "Which image? Of which country? Under which spotlight? Power, visibility, and the image of Brazil". Revista Trama, v. 8, n. 3, 2017. Available at:<http://editorarevistas.mackenzie.br/index.php/tint/issue/archive>. Accessed on: 26 June 2018.
JIMÉNEZ-MARTÍNEZ, C. Media and the Image of the Nation during Brazil’s 2013 Protests. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2020.
KANEVA, N. "Nation Branding: Toward an Agenda for Critical Research". International Journal of Communication, vol. 5, p. 117–141, 2011
LARSON, D. W.; SHEVCHENKO, A. Managing rising powers: The role of status concerns. In: PAUL, T. V. LARSON, D. W.; WOHLFORTH, W. C. (Eds.). Status in world politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 33–57, 2014.
LARSON, D. W.; WOHLFORTH, W. C. Quest for status: Chinese and Russian foreign policy. [S.l.]: Yale University Press, 2019.
LEBOW, R. N. National identities and international relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016.
LESSA, A. C.; BECARD, D. S. R.; GALVÃO, T. G. Rise and Fall of Triumphalism in Brazilian Foreign Policy: The International Strategy of the Workers Party’s Governments (2003–2016). In: ESTEVES, P.; JUMBERT, M. G.; CARVALHO, B. (Eds.). Status and the Rise of Brazil: Global Ambitions, Humanitarian Engagement and International Challenges. [S.l.]: Springer, p. 71–88, 2020.
LIPPMANN, W. Public opinion. New York: Start Publishing LLC, 2015.
LOPES, M. C. "A imagem do Brasil no jornalismo estrangeiro". Tese de Doutorado em Linguística Aplicada. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2010.
MACDONALD, P. K.; PARENT, J. M. "The Status of Status in World Politics". World Politics, vol. 73, nº 2, p. 358–391, April 2021.
MARES, D. R.; TRINKUNAS, H. A. Aspirational power: Brazil on the long road to global influence. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2016.
MARIUTTI, F.; GIRALDI, J. M. E. "Análise da Imagem do Brasil por Meio do Anholt Nation Branding Index". Turismo-Visão e Ação, vol. 14, nº 1, p. 067–081, 2012.
MARSH, L. L. "Another Good Neighbor?: Hollywood’s (Re)embracing of Brazil in 'Rio' (2011) and 'Fast Five' (2011). Revista Canadiense de Estudios Hispánicos, vol. 37, nº 1, p. 67–85, 2012.
MENDES, F. P. "O Brasil e a Reforma do Conselho de Segurança: Uma Análise Realista". Contexto Internacional, vol. 37, nº 1, p. 113–142, 2015.
MILES, M. B.; HUBERMAN, A. M.; SALDAÑA, J. Qualitative data analysis: a methods sourcebook. (3ª ed.). Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, Inc, 2014.
MITZEN, J. "Ontological Security in World Politics: State Identity and the Security Dilemma". European Journal of International Relations, vol. 12, nº 3, p. 341–370, set. 2006.
MOSBAH, S. "Le Stéréotype, du mot au concept: Saisie à travers des contextes". Actualité scientifique. In: Anais Paris: Éditions des Archives contemporaines, Paris, 2011.
MURRAY, M. K. The struggle for recognition in international relations: status, revisionism, and rising powers. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019.
NAYAR, B. R.; PAUL, T. V. India in the World Order: Searching for Major-Power Status. 1.ed. [S.l.]: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Available at:<https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9780511808593/type/book>. Accessed on: 20 March 2023.
NEILD, B. What are the world’s coolest nationalities?. CNN Travel, jul. 2017. Available at:<https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/coolest-nationalities/index.html>. Accessed on: 27 June 2018.
O’NEILL, B. Honor, symbols, and war. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999.
PAUL, T. V.; LARSON, D. W.; WOHLFORTH, W. C. Status in world politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
REITER, B. "Theory and methodology of exploratory social science research". International Journal of Science and Research Methodology, vol. 5, nº 4, p. 129, 2017.
RENSHON, J. Fighting for status: hierarchy and conflict in world politics. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2017.
RICUPERO, R. A diplomacia na construção do Brasil 1750-2016. Rio de Janeiro: Versal, 2017.
RØREN, P.; BEAUMONT, P. "Grading greatness: evaluating the status performance of the BRICS". Third World Quarterly, vol. 40, nº 3, p. 429–450, March 2019.
ROSECRANCE, R., et al. "Power, balance of power, and status in nineteenth century international relations". Sage Professional Papers in International Studies, nº 02-29, 1974.
ROTH, K. P.; DIAMANTOPOULOS, A. "Advancing the country image construct". Journal of Business Research, vol. 62, nº 7, p. 726–740, July 2009.
SAID, E. W. Imaginative Geography and Its Representations: Orientalizing the Oriental. In: SAID, E. W. Orientalism. 1st Vintage Books ed. New York: Vintage Books, p. 49–72, 1979.
SARAIVA, M. G. Brazil’s Rise and Its Soft Power Strategy in South America. In: GARDINI, G. L.; ALMEIDA, M. H. T. (Eds.). Foreign Policy Responses to the Rise of Brazil: Balancing Power in Emerging States. [S.l.]: Springer, p. 46–61, 2016.
SOUZA, A. A Agenda Internacional do Brasil: Um Estudo sobre a Comunidade Brasileira de Política Externa. Rio de Janeiro: CEBRI, 2002.
SOUZA, A. Brazil’s International Agenda Revisited: Perceptions of the Brazilian Foreign Policy Community. Rio de Janeiro: CEBRI, 2008.
SPEKTOR, M. Brazil: Shadows of the past and contested ambitions. In: HITCHCOCK, W.; LEFFLER, M. P.; LEGRO, J. (Eds.). Shaper nations: Strategies for a changing world. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, p. 17–35, 2016.
SPEKTOR, M. Kissinger e o Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar, 2009.
STOLTE, C. Brazil’s Africa Strategy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2015. Available at: <http://link.springer.com/10.1057/9781137499578>. Accessed on: 7 Feb. 2018.
STUENKEL, O.; TAYLOR, M. M. Brazil on the global stage: power, ideas, and the liberal international order. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.
THE UN SECURITY COUNCIL. Available at:<https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/un-security-council>. Accessed on: 20 July 2021.
UZIEL, E. O Conselho de Segurança, as missões de paz e o Brasil no mecanismo de segurança coletiva das Nações Unidas. 2ª ed. Brasília: Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão, 2015.
VALASKIVI, K. Cool nations: media and the social imaginary of the branded country. London; New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.
VAN HAM, P. "The Rise of the Brand State: The Postmodern Politics of Image and Reputation". Foreign Affairs, vol. 80, nº 5, p. 2, 2001
VAN HAM, P."Branding Territory: Inside the Wonderful Worlds of PR and IR Theory". Millennium: Journal of International Studies, vol. 31, nº 2, p. 249–269, mar. 2002.
VAN HAM, P. "Place Branding: The State of the Art". The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol. 616, nº 1, p. 126–149, mar. 2008.
VARGAS, J. A. C. "Persuadir e legitimar: a argumentação brasileira em favor da reforma do Conselho de Segurança". Cena Internacional, vol. 10, nº 2, p. 119–138, 2008.
WARD, S. Status and the Challenge of Rising Powers. 1ª ed. [S.l.]: Cambridge University Press, 2017. Available at: <https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781316856444/type/book>. Accessed on: 10 Dec. 2020.
WELDES, J. "Constructing national interests". European journal of international relations, vol. 2, nº 3, p. 275–318, 1996.
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
Derechos de autor 2023 Opinião Pública
Descargas
