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As abordagens culturalistas, baseadas nos fatores relacionados com a socialização, e institucionalistas, baseadas nos fatores relacionados à experiência com o sistema político, competem pela explicação dos fatores relacionados aos baixos níveis de confiança política na América Latina. Este artigo faz uma breve revisão das duas perspectivas, compara seus poderes preditivos para explicar a confiança política na região. A partir do Latinobarômetro 2005, aplicou-se a técnica do modelo hierárquico linear com o objetivo de considerar a dependência entre as observações no nível do país. A confiança política é maior entre os que apóiam o presidente; entre aqueles que estão em países considerados mais democráticos; entre os indivíduos que avaliam positivamente a situação econômica, as políticas públicas e a capacidade do governo para combater a corrupção e entre os indivíduos com maior sofisticação política. As variáveis culturais, por sua vez, quais sejam, a confiança interpessoal e a avaliação dos concidadãos também aumentam a confiança política, mas têm efeito muito menor do que as variáveis institucionais.
Abstract:
Culturalist approaches, based on factors related to socialization, and institutionalist one, based on factors related to experience with the political system, compete for the explanation of the factors related to low levels of political trust in Latin America. This paper briefly reviews these two approaches and compares their predictive power to explain political trust in the region. Using data from Latinobarometro 2005, the technique of hierarchical linear model it was applied with the purpose of considering the dependence among observations at country level. The political trust is higher among those who support the president; among those who are in countries that are considered the most democratic; individuals who positively evaluate the economic situation, public policies and government capacity to combat corruption; individuals with greater political sophistication. The cultural variables, interpersonal trust and the assessment of co-citizens also enhance political trust, but have much smaller effect than the institutional variables.
Keywords: democratic institutions; political trust; culturalist approach; institutionalist approach; hierarchical linear model
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