Resumo
Nesse trabalho, a autora discorre sobre o subtexto de gênero presente em boa parte da tradição de pesquisa no campo da linguagem e gênero, tentando mostrar como as mudanças que estão ocorrendo na conceitualizações de gênero (principalmennte naquelas vertentes pós-estruturalistas) vem influenciando de maneiras distintas e significativas os paradigmas para a interpretação tanto das práticas sociais quanto dos discursos culturais. A autora conclui discutindo algumas implicações da análise precedente, não somente para as pesquisas nas ciências sociais, mas também para os estudos feministas, alertando para as vicissitudes dicotômicas que, de maneira insidiosa, e até a despeito de nós mesmas, tem orientado nossas indagações ontológicas e epistemológicas, fazendo-nos, metaforicamennte, vítimas de Procusto: ou esticamos tanto as categorias teóricas para que elas alcancem o tamanho da mitológica cama de ferro (com a triste consequência de vê-las perder o fio da navalha política), ou as reduzimos a tal ponto (seja à facticidade da biologia ou do discurso), que elas deixam de dar conta do recado.
Abstract
In this text the author deals with the notion of gender which is present in many works in the research tradition in the field of language and gender. She seeks to show how the changes that are going on in the concepts of gender (especially in post-structuralist perspectives) are significantly and distinctly influential for the paradigms of interpretation of both social praxis and cultural discourse. In the end she discusses some consequences of this analysis, both for research in the social sciences and for feminist studies. She calls attention to the problematic dichotomies that, in an insidious way and despite ourselves, shape our ontologic and epistemologic questions, making us, metaphorically, victims of Procust: either we stretch theoretical categories to make them fit the mythological iron bed (with the sad result of making them lose their political razor's edge), or we simplify them (to biological or discursive facticity) and they become useless.
Referências
Adrienne Rich, On Lies, Secrets, and Silence: Selected Prose, 1966-1978, (New York: W.W. Norton & Co.), (1979)
Albertina O. Costa & Cristina Bruschini (orgs), Uma Questao de Gênero (Rio de Janeiro: Rosa dos Tempos), (1992).
Alice Jardine, Gynesis: Configurations of Woman and Modernity, (Ithaca: Cornell University Press), (1985)
B. Wallston & K. Grady, "Integrating the feminist critique on the crisis in social psychology: another look at research methods", IN V. O'Leary, R. Unger, & B. S. Wallston (orgs), Women: Gender and Social Psychology, (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Ekelbaum Associates), (1985), pp.7-33
Barrie Thorne , "Gender and social groupings", IN Laurel Richardson & Vera Taylor (orgs), Feminist Frontiers: Rethinking Sex, Gender and Society (New York: Addison-Wesley), (1983), p.15.
Barrie Thorne, "Children and gender: constructions of difference", Mimeo, (1987). Conference on Theoretical Perspectives on Sexual Difference, Stanford University, California, Fevereiro 19-21
Bernice Lott, "A feminist critique of androgyny: toward the elimination of gender attributions for learned behavior", IN C. Mayo & N. Henley (orgs), Gender and Nonverbal Behavior, (New York: Springer-Verlag), (1981), pp.171-80
Biddy Martin & Chandra Mohanty, “feminist Politics: what’s home got to do with it?”, IN Teresa de Lauretis (org), (1986)
C. Jenkins e C. Kramer , "Small group processes: learning from women", IN Women's Studies International Quarterly (1), (1978), pp.67-84
Carol Gilligan, In a Different Voice, (Cambridge: Harvard University Press), (1982)
Cheris Kramarae & Dale Spender (orgs.),Knowledge Explosion: Generations of Feminist Scholarship (New York: Teachers College, Columbia University Press), (1992)
Cheris Kramarae , "A feminist critique of sociolinguistics", IN Journal of the Atlantic Provinces Linguistic Association (8), (1986), p.9.
Cherríe Moraga & Gloria Anzaldúa (orgs), This Bridge Called My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color (New York: Kitchen Table/Women of Color Press), (1983)
Chris Weedon, Feminist Practice & Post-Structuralist Theory, (New York: Basil Blackwell), (1987).
D. Maltz & R. Borker , "A cultural aproach to male-female miscommunication", IN J.J. Gumperz (org), Language and Social identity, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), (1982), pp.196-216.
Deborah Jones , "Gossip: notes on women's oral culture", IN Cheris Kramarae (org), The Voice and Words of Women and Men (New York: Pergamon Press), (1980), pp.193-98
Donna Haraway, "A Manifesto for cyborgs: science, technology, and socialist feminism in the 1980s", IN Elizabeth Weed (org.), Coming to Terms: Feminism, Theory, Politics, (New York: Routledge), (1989), pp.173-204
Donna Haraway, "Situated knowledges: the science question in feminism and the privilege of partial perspective", IN Feminist Studies, 14(3), (1988), p.580.
E. M. Bruner & J. P. Kelso , "Gender differences in graffiti: a semiotic perspective", IN C. Kramarae. Op.cit.
E. Mccoby & C. Jacklin , The Psychology of Sex Differences, (Stanford: Stanford University Press), (1974)
E. P. Jose, F. Crosby, & W.S. Wong-McCarthy , "Androgyny, dyadic compatibility and conversational behavior", IN H. Giles, W.P. Robinson, & P.M. Smith (orgs), Language: Social and Psychological Perspectives (New York: Pergamon Press), (1980), pp.115-19
Elizabeth Langland & Walter Gove (orgs), A Feminist Perspective in the Academy (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press), (1981)
Evelyn Fox Keller, Reflections on Gender and Science (New Haven: Yale University Press), (1985)
Frigga Haug , Female Sexualization, (London: Verso), (1987)
Gayatri C. Spivak, The Post-Colonial Critic: Interview, Strategies, Dialogues, Sarah Harasym (org) (New York: Routledge), (1990)
Gayle Rubin, “The traffic in women: notes on the ‘political economy’ of sex”, IN Rayna Reiter (org), (1975)
Gloria Anzaldúa, Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, (San Francisco: Aunt Lute Books) (1987).
J.T. Spence & R.L. Helmreich, "Sex markers in speech", IN K. R. Scherer & H. Giles (orgs), Social Markers in Speech, (New York: Cambridge University Press), (1978), pp.109-46
Jacques Derrida, "Choreographies: Interview with Christie McDonald", IN Diacritics, 12(2), (1982), pp.66-76
Jane Flax, "Postmodernism and gender relations in feminist theory", IN Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 12(4), (1987), pp.621-43.
Jane Flax, Thinking Fragments: Psychoanalysis, Feminism, & Postmodernism in the Contemporary West, (Berkeley: University of California Press), (1990)
Janet Hyde , "Meta-analysis and the psychology of gender differences", IN Signs, 16(1), (1990), pp.55-73.
Judith Butler , Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity, (New York: Routledge), (1990), p.10.
K. Warfel , "Gender schema and perceptions of speech style", IN Communication Monographs (51), (1984), pp.255-67
Kathy Fergunson , The Feminist Case Against Bureaucracy, (Philadelphia: Temple University Press), (1984)
Kay Deaux , "From individual differences to social categories: analysis of a decade's research on gender", IN American Psychologist (39), (1984), p.108.
Kay Warren & Susan Bourque, "Gender, power, and communication: women's responses to political muting in the Andes", IN S. Bourque & D. R. Divine (orgs), Women Living Change, (Philadelphia: Temple University Press), (1985), pp.255-86
Lana Rakow , "Rethinking gender research in communication", IN Journal of Communication (36), (1986), pp.19-20.
Linda Gordon, "What's new in women's history?", IN Tereza de Lauretis (org), Feminist Studies/Critical Studies, (Bloomington: Indiana University Press), (1986), pp.20-30
Lydia Sargent , Women and Revolution (Boston: South End Press), (1981)
Maria Lugones, "Playfulness, 'world'-travelling, and loving perception", IN Hypatia, 2 (Summer), (1987), pp.3-20
Marilyn Strathern , The Gender of the Gift: Problems with Women and Problems with Society in Melanesia, (Berkeley: University of California Press), (1988).
Marjorie Goodwin , He-said-She-said: Talk as Social Organization Among Black Children, (Bloomington: Indiana University Press), (1990)
Mary Daly , Gyn/Ecology: The Metaethics of Radical Feminism (Boston: Beacon Press), (1978), p.xi.
Micaela di Leonardo (org.), Gender at the Crossroads of Knowledge: Feminist Anthropology in the Postmodern Era(Berkeley: University of California Press), (1991)
Michelle Barret , Women's Oppression, (London: Verso), (1980)
Michelle Rosaldo , "The use and abuse of anthropology: reflections on feminism and cross-cultural understanding", IN Signs (5), (1980), pp.389-417
Minnie Bruce Pratt , "Identity: skin blood heart", IN Elly Bulkin, Minnie Bruce Pratt, & Barbara Smith (orgs), Yours in Struggle: Three Feminist Perspectives on Anti-Semitism and Racism, (New York: Long Haul Press), (1984)
Nancy Chodorow , The Reproduction of Mothering, (Berkeley: University of California Press), (1978)
Nelly Furman , "The politics of language: Beyond the gender principle?", IN Gayle Greene & Coppelia Kahn (orgs), Making a Difference: Feminist Literary Criticism, (New York: Methuen), (1985), pp.59-79
Paula Treichler & Cheris Kramarae, “Women’s talk in the Ivory Tower”, IN Communication Quarterly, 31 (2), (1983) p. 120
Richard Connell , "Theorizing gender", IN Sociology (19), (1985), p.264
Sandra Bem , "Gender schema theory: a cognitive account of sex-typing", IN Psychological Review (88), (1981), pp.354-64
Sandra Harding , The Science Question in Feminism (Ithaca: Cornell University Press), (1986)
Sandra Harding, “A instabilidade das categorias analíticas na teoria feminista”, IN Revista Estudos Feministas, 1(1), (1993), PP. 7-32.
Sarah Ruddick, "Maternal Thinking", IN Barrie Thorne & Marilyn Yalom (orgs), Rethinking the Family: Some Feminist Questions, (New York: Longman), (1982), pp.76-94
Seyla Benhabib Situating the Self: Gender, Community, and Postmodernism in Contemporary Ethics, (New York: Routledge), (1992).
Seyla Benhabib, "The generalized and the concrete other", IN Seyla Benhabib & Drucilla Cornell (orgs), Feminism as Critique, (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press), (1987), pp.77-95
Seyla Bnhabib, “The generalized and the concrete other”, IN Seyla Benhabib & Drucilla Cornell (orgs), feminism as critique, (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press), (1987), pp. 77-95.
Shirley Ardener (org), Perceiving Women, (London: Malaby Press), (1975).
Shirley Arder (org), perceiving women, (London: Malaby Press), (1975).
Susan Bordo, "Review essay: postmodern subjects, postmodern bodies", IN Feminist Studies, 18(1), (1992),pp.158-75.
Susan Harding , "Women and words in a Spanish village", IN Rayna Reiter (org), Towards and Anthropology of Women, (New York: Monthly Review Press), (1975), pp.193-98
T. Carrigan, R. Connell, & J. Lee , "Toward a new sociology of masculinity", IN Theory and Society (5), (1985), pp.551-603
Teresa de Lauretis, "Eccentric subjects: feminist theory and historical consciousness", IN Feminist Studies, 16(1), (1990), pp.115-50
Teresa de Lauretis, "Feminist studies/critical studies: issues, terms, and contexts", IN Teresa de Lauretis (org) pp.1-19
Toril Moi , Sexual/Textual Politics (New York: Methuen), (1985), p.154
Trinh Minh-ha, Woman, Native, Other, (Bloomington: Indiana University Press), (1989).
Valerie Walkerdine , Schoolgirl Fictions, (New York: Verso), (1990)