Resumo
Este estudo explora como a maternidade transnacional é experenciada por mulheres brasileiras emigrantes participantes da cadeia global dos cuidados. Nossa análise indica que a maternidade transnacional é uma experiência contraditória e repleta de tensões emocionais. Por um lado, é vivida de forma culpabilizada por muitas mulheres por não se conformarem às regras da maternidade convencional. Por ouro lado, é por meio da experiência migratória que são capazes de renegociar seus papéis de mãe, produzindo novos sentidos para o cuidado e suas práticas maternas.Referências
ANDERSEN, Margaret. L.; COLLINS, Patricia. H. Race, Class, and Gender: An Anthology. California, Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2012.
BADINTER, Elizabeth. Mother love: myth and reality motherhood in modern history. New York, Macmillan, 1981.
BUTLER, Judith. Undoing gender. New York, Routledge, 2006.
CARPENEDO, Manoela; NARDI, Henrique. Mulheres brasileiras na divisão internacional do trabalho reprodutivo: construindo subjetividades. Revista de Estudios Sociales, Bogotá, (45), 2013, pp.96-109.
COLLINS, Patricia. Fighting Words: Black Women and the Search for Justice. Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1998.
DONZELOT, Jacques. The policing of families. New York, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 1979.
DREBY, Joanna. Honor and virtue: Mexican parenting in the transnational context. Gender & Society 20 (1), 2006 [http://gas.sagepub.com/content/20/1/32.abstract – acesso em: 1 jun 2015].
DREBY, Joanna. Divided by Borders: Mexican Migrants and Their Children. California, University of California Press, 2010.
EREL, Umut. Reconceptualizing motherhood: experiences of migrant women from Turkey living in Germany. In: BRYCESON, D.; VUORELA, U. (Eds.). The Transnational Family: New European Frontiers and Global Networks. Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Women. Oxford, Bloomsbury Academic, 2002, pp.62-82.
EVANS, Yara et alii. Brazilians in London: a report for the strangers into citizens campaign. Queen Mary, University of London, London 2007. [http://www.geog.qmul.ac.uk/globalcities/reports/docs/ brazilians.pdf – acesso em: 1 jun 2015].
FONSECA, Claudia. Quando cada caso NÃO é um caso: pesquisa etnográfica e educação. Revista Cadernos Cedes, ano 19, nº 47, Caxambu, 1998 [em: https://poars1982.files.wordpress.com/2008/03/rbde10_06_claudia_fonseca.pdf – acesso em: 1 jun 2015].
FONSECA, Claudia. Concepções de família e práticas de intervenção: uma contribuição antropológica. Saúde e Sociedade 14, (2), São Paulo, 2005, pp.50-59.
FOUCAULT, Michel. The subject and power. In DREYFUS, H.; RABINOW, P. (Eds.). Michel Foucault: Beyond the Structuralism and Hermeneutics. Chicago University Press, Chicago, 1983, pp.143-168.
FOUCAULT, Michel. The use of pleasure. New York, Vintage Books, 1998.
FOUCAULT, Michel. Ethics: Subjectivity and Truth. In: RABINOW, P.; HURLEY, R. (Eds.). Essential works of Foucault 1954-1984. New York, New Press, 1997, pp.87-92.
HABERMAS, Jurgen. The Future of Human Nature. Cambridge, Polity Press, 2003.
HIRATA, Helena. A precarização e a divisão internacional e sexual do trabalho. Sociologias, 21, 2009, pp.24-41.
HOCHSCHILD, Arlie. R. Global care chains and emotional surplus value. In: GIDDENS, A.; HUTTON, W. (Eds.). On The Edge Living with Global Capitalism. New York, Random House, 2000, pp.130-146.
HOCHSCHILD, Arlie. The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling. California, University of California Press, 2003.
HONDAGNEU-SOTELO, Pierrete. Doméstica: Immigrant Workers Cleaning and Caring in the Shadows of Affluence. California, University of California Press, 2001.
HONDAGNEU-SOTELO, Pierrete; ÁVILA, Ernestine. “I’m here, but I’m there”: The Meanings of Latina Transnational Motherhood. Gender & Society 11 (5), Nova Iorque, Sage, 1997, pp.548–571.
HORTON, Sarah. A mother’s heart is weighed down with stones: A phenomenological approach to the experience of transnational motherhood. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry 33 (1), Nova Iorque, Springer, 2009, pp.21–40.
KUBAL, Angniezka; BAKEWELL, Oliver; DE HAAS, Hein. The evolution of Brazilian migration to the uk scoping. Relatório técnico. Oxford, University of Oxford, 2011 [http://www.imi.ox.ac.uk/pdfs/researchprojects-pdfs/themis-pdfs/THEMIS-scoping-brazil – acesso em: 1 jun 2015].
LOWENKRON, Laura. Consent and vulnerability: some intersections between child sexual abuse and the trafficking in persons for sexual exploitation. cadernos pagu, (45), Campinas, SP, Núcleo de Estudos de Gênero-Pagu/Unicamp, 2015, pp.225-258.
MADIANOU, Mirca. Migration and the accentuated ambivalence of motherhood: the role of icts in filipino transnational families. Global Networks 12 (3), Nova Iorque, Wiley, 2012, pp.277–295.
MADIANOU, Mirca; MILLER, Daniel. Mobile phone parenting: Reconfiguring relation-ships between filipina migrant mothers and their left-behind children. New Media & Society 13 (3), Nova Iorque, Sage, 2011, pp.457-470.
MADZIVA, Roda; ZONTINI, Elizabetta. Transnational mothering and forced migration: Un-derstanding the experiences of zimbabwean mothers in the uk. European Journal of Women’s Studies 19 (4), Nova Iorque, Sage, 2012, pp.428–443.
MOREIRA, Lisandra Espíndula; NARDI, Henrique Caetano. Mãe é tudo igual? Enunciados produzindo maternidade(s) contemporânea(s). Revista Estudos Feministas 17, (2), Florianópolis, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 2009, pp.569-594.
OAKLEY, Ann. Becoming a mother. New York, Schocken Books, 1979.
OAKLEY, Ann. Women confined: towards a sociology of childbirth. Nova Iorque, Schocken Books, 1980.
PARRENAS, Rachel. Servants of Globalization: Women, Migration and Domestic Work. California, Stanford University Press, 2001.
PARRENAS, Rachel. Children Of Global Migration: Transnational Families And Gendered Woes. California, Stanford University Press, 2005.
PISCITELLI, Adriana. Trânsitos: brasileiras nos mercados transnacionais do sexo. Rio de Janeiro, Eduerj, 2013.
RAJIMAN, Rebeca; SCHMMAH-GESSER, Silvina; KEMP, Adriana. International migration, domestic work, and care work: Undocumented latina migrants in Israel. Gender & Society 17 (5) Nova Iorque, Sage, 2003 pp.727–749.
RODRÍGUES, Encarnacion. The “Hidden Side” of the New Economy: On Transnational Migration, Domestic Work, and Unprecedented Intimacy. Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies 28 (3), Ohio, Jstor, 2007, pp.60–83.
SASSEN, Saskia. Global cities and survival circuits. In: EHRENREICH, B., HOCHSCHILD, A. (Eds.). Global Woman: Nannies, Maids, and Sex Workers in the New Economy. Nova Iorque, Henry Holt and Company , 2003, pp.315-334.
SASSEN, Saskia. Two stops in today’s new global geographies: Shaping novel labor supplies and employment regimes. American Behavioral Scientist, 52 (3), New York, Sage, 2008, pp.457-496.
SCHMALZBAUER, Leah. Gender on a new frontier: Mexican migration in the rural mountain west. Gender & Society 23 (6), Nova Iorque, Sage, 2009, pp.747–767.
SMART, Carol. Deconstructing motherhood. Good enough mothering. London, Routledge, 1996.
SUÁREZ-OROZCO, Carola. The psychosocial experience of immigration. In: SUÁREZ-OROZCO, C., SUÁREZ-OROZCO, M. M. (Eds.). Children of Immigration. The Developing Child. Cambridge MA, Harvard University Press, 2009, pp.68–86.
THERBORN, Goran. Between Sex and Power: Family in the World 1900–2000. Londres, Routledge, 2004.
TOGNI, Paula Christofoletti. A Europa é o Cacém: mobilidades, gênero e sexualidade nos deslocamentos de jovens brasileiros para Portugal. Tese (Doutorado em Antropologia Social), Instituto Universitário de Lisboa, 2014.
ZENTGRAFT, Kristina. M.; CHINCHILLA, Norma S. Transnational family separation: A framework for analysis. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 38 (2), Londres, Taylor and Francis, 2012, pp.345–366.
ZIGON, Jarrett. Moral breakdown and the ethical demand: A theoretical framework for an anthropology of moralities. Anthropological Theory, vol. 7(2), 2007, pp.131-150.