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Ao longo dos últimos 20 anos, as oposições radicais no terreno do desenvolvimento deram lugar a uma notável convergência: dado que tanto o mercado quanto o Estado deparam-se com limitações, torna-se conveniente combinar suas lógicas. Cabem aos Estados as decisões estratégicas, deixa-se ao mercado o papel da alocação cotidiana de bens que não envolvem uma escolha social. A experiência confirma que a estratégia “só Estado” conduz ao impasse, e que a estratégia “só mercado” encontra limitações evidentes no que tange ao trabalho (desemprego e desigualdades), às finanças (papel potencialmente desestabilizador da especulação) ou, ainda, ao meio-ambiente (necessidade de normas coletivas). As teorias microeconômicas confirmam as condições restritivas sob as quais um equilíbrio de mercado é ótimo, a análise do progresso técnico endógeno reabilita a importância das intervenções públicas para o desenvolvimento (educação, inovação) e a nova economia política mostra que o Estado não é jamais puramente instrumental em relação ao desenvolvimento. A alternância entre estratégias intervencionistas e liberais não é, pois, uma fatalidade. A crise dos países asiáticos após 1997 permite esperar uma síntese original para o século XXI: a busca, como base do desenvolvimento, de complementaridades entre Estado e mercado, fundadas em arranjos institucionais potencialmente ricos em novas formas de coordenação econômica.
Abstract
Concerning economic and social development, radical differences of view have yielded to a distinct convergence over the last 20 years: to the extent that both State and market intervention have their limits, it is better to combine their specificities and action than to privilege one over the other. Leave strategic decisions to the State and let the market make the day-to-day decisions regarding the allocation of goods that do not presuppose social choice. Experience confirms that the “all State” approach leads to a dead-end, just as the “all market” approach has obvious limitations as regards labour (unemployment, inequality), finance (the potentially disruptive role of speculation) or the environment (the need for government standards). Microeconomic theories confirm the restrictive conditions required for an optimal market equilibrium, analysis of endogenous technical progress gives renewed importance to public intervention to foster development (education, infrastructure, innovation) and contemporary political economy shows that the State does not always act exclusively in favour of development. Alternating between interventionist strategies on the one hand and liberal ones on the other is thus not inevitable. The crisis in Asian countries since 1997 opens the prospect of a new synthesis for the 21st century: the search, as the basis for development, for complementarities between the State and the market, based on other institutional arrangements with rich potential for new forms of economic co-ordination.
Key words: Employment. Wage; Employment policies. Institutional theory of growth. “Regulation” theory. Wage labor nexus
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