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Abstract
Este artigo explica a teoria marxista da mais-valia e da exploração. Essas variáveis são agregados definidos por relações de classe, em vez de serem derivados a partir de necessidades, salários ou lucros individuais. O artigo também analisa duas concepções do valor da força de trabalho, as abordagens da cesta de bens e da fatia da renda nacional, as quais são julgadas insuficientes por diversas razões. Uma alternativa é proposta, na qual o valor da força de trabalho não é nem uma quantidade de bens nem de moeda, mas uma quantidade de valor, o tempo de trabalho abstrato gasto pela classe trabalhadora produzindo bens necessários. Esse valor é determinado no agregado, através da troca entre capital e trabalho, e da performance de trabalho e da exploração na produção.
Abstract
This article explains Marx’s theory of surplus value and exploitation. These variables are aggregates defined by class relations, rather than being derived from individual subsistence needs, wages or profits. It also surveys different conceptions of the value of labour power, the bundle and the share approaches, and finds them wanting on several counts. An alternative is proposed, in which the value of labour power is neither a quantity of goods nor a quantity of money; it is a quantity of value, the abstract labour time spent by the working class producing necessities. This value is determined at the aggregate level, through the exchange between the capitalist and the working class, and the performance of labour and exploitation in production.
Key words: Marxist theory of value. Labour power. Wages. Exploitation
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