Palavras-chave
Globalização
Representações sociais
Metassistema
Comparação social
Identidade social
Representações sociais
Metassistema
Comparação social
Identidade social
Como Citar
RIBEIRO, Raquel; POESCHL, Gabrielle. Representações sociais da globalização e o funcionamento do metassistema em contextos de comparação social: evidência de dois estudos em Portugal. Opinião Pública, Campinas, SP, v. 26, n. 1, p. 193–221, 2020. Disponível em: https://periodicos.sbu.unicamp.br/ojs/index.php/op/article/view/8659542. Acesso em: 18 abr. 2024.
Resumo
A globalização gera intensos debates e posições contraditórias, sendo um objeto particularmente relevante de representações sociais (RS). Este artigo procura compreender melhor as RS da globalização, analisando como o metassistema social normativo controla, verifica e seleciona o material produzido pelo sistema operativo em contextos de comparação social. Recorrendo a uma abordagem multimétodo, realizamos dois estudos, com entrevistas semiestruturadas (N=30) e um questionário de associação livre de palavras (N=100), na área metropolitana do Porto, em Portugal. Os resultados evidenciam como os contextos de comparação social desencadeiam argumentos em favor dos interesses do grupo e revelam as relações de poder existentes entre grupos. Discute-se a importância de identificar as relações que norteiam o pensamento sobre um dado objeto social, bem como a aplicabilidade da teoria das RS para a compreensão de objetos sociopolíticos complexos e controversos.
Referências
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BIALIK, K. “How the world views the U.S. and its president in 9 charts” (online). 2018. Available at: <https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/10/09/how-the-world-views-the-u-s-and-its-president-in-9-charts/>. Access in: 10 Dec. 2019.
CAMPOS, P. H. F. La représentation sociale de la mondialisation: son image, ses promesses, ses illusions. In: POESCHL, G.; VIAUD, J. (eds.). Images de la mondialisation: la construction sociale d'une représentation. Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2008.
CHAMBRE DE COMMERCE INTERNATIONALE. “Nouvelles données sur la mondialisation, la pauvreté et la répartition des revenus” (online), 2003. Available at: <http://www.iccwbo.org>. Access in: 8 Oct. 2005.
CHARTERIS-BLACK, J. Politicians and rhetoric: the persuasive power of metaphor. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2011.
CHIU, C., et al. “Toward a social psychology of globalization”. Journal of Social Issues, vol. 67 nº 4, p. 663-676, 2011.
CLÉMENCE, A., et al. Solidarités sociales en Suisse. Lausanne: Réalités Sociales, 1994.
COELHO, M. “Representações sociais da globalização: posicionamento e consequências”. Porto, Portugal. Master’s Dissertation. Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Porto, 2008.
CRESWELL, J. W. Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 2003.
DESCHAMPS, J. C.; GUIMELLI, C. L’organisation interne des représentations sociales de la sécurité/insécurité et l’hypothèse de la “zone muette”. In: BEAVOIS, J. L.; JOULE, R. V.; MONTEIL, J. M. (eds.). Perspectives cognitives et conduites sociale. Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2004.
DOISE, W. Les représentations sociales. In: GHIGLIONE, R.; BONNET, C.; RICHARD, J. F. (eds.). Traité de psychologie cognitive. Paris: Dunod, 1990.
DOISE, W. “L’ancrage dans les études sur les représentations sociales”. Bulletin de Psychologie, vol. 45, p. 189-195, 1992.
DOISE, W.; CLEMENCE, A.; LORENZI-CIOLDI, F. Représentations sociales et analyses de données. Grenoble: Presses Universitaires de Grenoble, 1992.
DOISE, W.; VALENTIM, J. P. Levels of analysis in social psychology. In: WRIGHT, J. D. (ed.). International encyclopedia of the social & behavioral sciences, vol. 13, 2nd ed. Oxford: Elsevier, 2015.
DRAKE, B.; KILEY, J. “Americans say the nation’s political debate has grown more toxic and ‘heated’ rhetoric could lead to violence” (online). 2019. Available at: <https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/07/18/americans-say-the-nations-political-debate-has-grown-more-toxic-and-heated-rhetoric-could-lead-to-violence/>. Access in: 18 Jul. 2019.
DUBOIS, N. “Normes sociales de jugement et valeur: ancrage sur l’utilité et ancrage sur la désirabilité”. Revue Internationale de Psychologie Sociale, vol. 18 nº 3, p. 43-79, 2005.
DUVEEN, G.; LLOYD, B. Social representations and the development of knowledge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
ELCHEROTH, G.; DOISE, W.; REICHER, S. “On the knowledge of politics and the politics of knowledge: how a social representations approach helps us rethink the subject of political psychology”. Political Psychology, vol. 32 nº 5, p. 729-758, 2011.
EUROPEAN COMMISSION. “Eurobarometer 68: public opinion in the European Union” (online), 2008. Available at: <https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/archives/eb/eb68/eb_68_en.pdf> Access in: 29 Nov. 2019
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FLAMENT, C. “La représentation sociale comme système normatif”. Psychologie et Société, vol. 1, p. 29-53, 1999.
GIDDENS, A. The consequences of modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990.
GILLESPIE, A. “Collapsing self/other positions: identification through differentiation”. British Journal of Social Psychology, vol. 46 nº 3, p. 579-595, 2007.
GILLESPIE, A. “Social representations, alternative representations and semantic barriers”. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, vol. 38 nº 4, p. 375-391, 2008.
GRIVA, A.-M.; CHRYSSOCHOOU, X. “Debating globalization: perceptions of the phenomenon based on political positioning and on ideological understandings of economy, culture, and the nation-state”. European Journal of Social Psychology, vol. 45, p. 880-895, 2015.
GUILLÉN, M. F. “Is globalisation civilizing, destructive or feeble? A critique of five key debates in the social-science literature”. Annual Review of Sociology, vol. 27, p. 235-260, 2001.
GUIMELLI, C.; DESCHAMPS, J. C. “Effet des contextes sur la production d’associations verbales. Le cas des représentations sociales des Gitanes”. Les Cahiers Internationaux de Psychologie Sociale, vol. 47, p. 44-54, 2000.
HELD, D.; MCGREW, A. Globalization theory: approaches and controversies. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2007.
JODELET, D. “Returning to past features of Serge Moscovici’s theory to feed the future”. Papers on Social Representations, vol. 20, 2011.
JOST, J. T.; IGNATOW, G. What we do and don’t know about the functions of social representations. In: DEAUX, K.; PHILOGÊNE, G. (eds.). Representations of the social. Oxford: Blackwell, 2001.
JOVCHELOVITCH, S. “The rehabilitation of common sense: social representations, science and cognitive polyphasia”. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, vol. 38 nº 4, p. 431-448, 2008.
KOHUT, A.; WIKE, R. “PEW PRESENTS… Assessing globalisation: benefits and drawbacks of trade and integration". Harvard International Review, vol. 30, nº 1, p. 70-74, 2008.
KUMAR, V. S. A. “A critical methodology of globalisation: politics of the 21st century?”. Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, vol. 10, nº 2, p. 87-111, 2003.
LAGE, E. “Les représentations sociales du métier de chercheur dans la jeunesse”. Rapport scientifique de l’Action Thématique Programmée du C.N.R.S. Contrat C.N.R.S. nº 2156, 1978.
LIU, J. H., et al. “Representing world history in the 21st century: the impact of 9/11, the Iraq War, and the Nation-State on dynamics of collective remembering”. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, vol. 40, nº 4, p. 667-692, 2009.
MCCARTHY, J. “Americans' favorable views of China take 12-point hit” (online), 2019. Available at: <https://news.gallup.com/poll/247559/americans-favorable-views-china-point-hit.aspx>. Access in: 28 Nov. 2019.
MENIN, M. S. S. “Representação social e estereótipo: a zona muda das representações sociais”. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, vol. 22, nº 1, p. 43-52, 2006.
MIGUEL, I.; VALENTIM, J. P.; CARUGATI, F. “Intelligence and its development: social representations and social identities”. Papers on Social Representations, vol. 19, nº 2, 2010.
MIGUEL, I.; VALENTIM, J. P.; CARUGATI, F. “De las representaciones sociales a la acción: proximidad y relación entre las representaciones sociales del desarrollo de la inteligencia y un estilo parental democrático”. Revista de Psicología Social, vol. 31, nº 2, p. 254-281, 2016.
MILANOVIC, B. Global inequality: a new approach for the age of globalization. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2016.
MORRISON, W. M. “China’s economic rise: history, trends, challenges, and implications for the United States” (online), 2019. Available at: <https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33534.pdf>. Access in: 26 Nov. 2019.
MOSCOVICI, S. La psychanalyse, son image et son public. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. (original work published in 1961), 1976.
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MOSCOVICI, S. Why a theory of social representations? In: Deaux, K. and Philogène, G. (eds.). Representations of the social. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 8-35, 2001.
PATTON, M. Q. Qualitative research & evaluation methods, 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 2002.
POESCHL, G. “L’intelligence: un concept à la recherche d’un sens”. Doctoral Thesis. Faculté de Psychologie et des Sciences de L'Éducation. Université de Genève, Genéve, Suisse, 1992.
POESCHL, G. “Processus d’ancrage et représentations sociales de l’intelligence”. Psicologia, vol. 12, nº 1, p. 85-100, 1998.
POESCHL, G. Intelligence masculine et intelligence féminine. In: BRIL, B., et al. (eds.). Propos sur l’enfant et l’adolescent: quels enfants, pour quelles cultures? Paris: L’Harmattan, 1999.
POESCHL, G. “Social comparison and differentiation strategies in social representations of intelligence”. Swiss Journal of Psychology, vol. 60 nº 1, p. 15-26, 2001.
POESCHL, G.; CAMPOS, P. H. F.; BEN ALAYA, D. “Appartenances nationales et prises de position sur la mondialisation”. Bulletin de Psychologie, vol. 60, nº 1, p. 11-19, 2007.
POESCHL, G.; RIBEIRO, R. “Inserções sociais e tomadas de posição: efeito das pertenças sociais nas representações da globalização”. In: Valentim, J. P. (ed.). Representações sociais: para um conhecimento do pensamento quotidiano. In press.
POESCHL, G.; VIAUD, J. (eds.). Images de la mondialisation: la construction sociale d’une représentation. Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2008.
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REINERT, M. “Les "mondes lexicaux" et leur "logique" à travers l’analyse statistique d’un corpus de récits de cauchemars”. Langage et Société, vol. 66, p. 5-39, 1993.
RIBEIRO, R. Representações da globalização, justiça e relações entre países: um contributo para o estudo do metassistema das representações sociais (unpublished doctoral thesis in psychology). Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Porto, Portugal, 2011.
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BIALIK, K. “How the world views the U.S. and its president in 9 charts” (online). 2018. Available at: <https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/10/09/how-the-world-views-the-u-s-and-its-president-in-9-charts/>. Access in: 10 Dec. 2019.
CAMPOS, P. H. F. La représentation sociale de la mondialisation: son image, ses promesses, ses illusions. In: POESCHL, G.; VIAUD, J. (eds.). Images de la mondialisation: la construction sociale d'une représentation. Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2008.
CHAMBRE DE COMMERCE INTERNATIONALE. “Nouvelles données sur la mondialisation, la pauvreté et la répartition des revenus” (online), 2003. Available at: <http://www.iccwbo.org>. Access in: 8 Oct. 2005.
CHARTERIS-BLACK, J. Politicians and rhetoric: the persuasive power of metaphor. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2011.
CHIU, C., et al. “Toward a social psychology of globalization”. Journal of Social Issues, vol. 67 nº 4, p. 663-676, 2011.
CLÉMENCE, A., et al. Solidarités sociales en Suisse. Lausanne: Réalités Sociales, 1994.
COELHO, M. “Representações sociais da globalização: posicionamento e consequências”. Porto, Portugal. Master’s Dissertation. Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Porto, 2008.
CRESWELL, J. W. Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 2003.
DESCHAMPS, J. C.; GUIMELLI, C. L’organisation interne des représentations sociales de la sécurité/insécurité et l’hypothèse de la “zone muette”. In: BEAVOIS, J. L.; JOULE, R. V.; MONTEIL, J. M. (eds.). Perspectives cognitives et conduites sociale. Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2004.
DOISE, W. Les représentations sociales. In: GHIGLIONE, R.; BONNET, C.; RICHARD, J. F. (eds.). Traité de psychologie cognitive. Paris: Dunod, 1990.
DOISE, W. “L’ancrage dans les études sur les représentations sociales”. Bulletin de Psychologie, vol. 45, p. 189-195, 1992.
DOISE, W.; CLEMENCE, A.; LORENZI-CIOLDI, F. Représentations sociales et analyses de données. Grenoble: Presses Universitaires de Grenoble, 1992.
DOISE, W.; VALENTIM, J. P. Levels of analysis in social psychology. In: WRIGHT, J. D. (ed.). International encyclopedia of the social & behavioral sciences, vol. 13, 2nd ed. Oxford: Elsevier, 2015.
DRAKE, B.; KILEY, J. “Americans say the nation’s political debate has grown more toxic and ‘heated’ rhetoric could lead to violence” (online). 2019. Available at: <https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/07/18/americans-say-the-nations-political-debate-has-grown-more-toxic-and-heated-rhetoric-could-lead-to-violence/>. Access in: 18 Jul. 2019.
DUBOIS, N. “Normes sociales de jugement et valeur: ancrage sur l’utilité et ancrage sur la désirabilité”. Revue Internationale de Psychologie Sociale, vol. 18 nº 3, p. 43-79, 2005.
DUVEEN, G.; LLOYD, B. Social representations and the development of knowledge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
ELCHEROTH, G.; DOISE, W.; REICHER, S. “On the knowledge of politics and the politics of knowledge: how a social representations approach helps us rethink the subject of political psychology”. Political Psychology, vol. 32 nº 5, p. 729-758, 2011.
EUROPEAN COMMISSION. “Eurobarometer 68: public opinion in the European Union” (online), 2008. Available at: <https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/archives/eb/eb68/eb_68_en.pdf> Access in: 29 Nov. 2019
EUROPEAN COMMISSION. “Standard Eurobarometer 90: public opinion in the European Union” (online), 2018. Available at: <http://data.europa.eu/88u/dataset/S2215_90_3_STD90_ENG>. Access in: 29 Nov. 2019.
FLAMENT, C. “La représentation sociale comme système normatif”. Psychologie et Société, vol. 1, p. 29-53, 1999.
GIDDENS, A. The consequences of modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990.
GILLESPIE, A. “Collapsing self/other positions: identification through differentiation”. British Journal of Social Psychology, vol. 46 nº 3, p. 579-595, 2007.
GILLESPIE, A. “Social representations, alternative representations and semantic barriers”. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, vol. 38 nº 4, p. 375-391, 2008.
GRIVA, A.-M.; CHRYSSOCHOOU, X. “Debating globalization: perceptions of the phenomenon based on political positioning and on ideological understandings of economy, culture, and the nation-state”. European Journal of Social Psychology, vol. 45, p. 880-895, 2015.
GUILLÉN, M. F. “Is globalisation civilizing, destructive or feeble? A critique of five key debates in the social-science literature”. Annual Review of Sociology, vol. 27, p. 235-260, 2001.
GUIMELLI, C.; DESCHAMPS, J. C. “Effet des contextes sur la production d’associations verbales. Le cas des représentations sociales des Gitanes”. Les Cahiers Internationaux de Psychologie Sociale, vol. 47, p. 44-54, 2000.
HELD, D.; MCGREW, A. Globalization theory: approaches and controversies. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2007.
JODELET, D. “Returning to past features of Serge Moscovici’s theory to feed the future”. Papers on Social Representations, vol. 20, 2011.
JOST, J. T.; IGNATOW, G. What we do and don’t know about the functions of social representations. In: DEAUX, K.; PHILOGÊNE, G. (eds.). Representations of the social. Oxford: Blackwell, 2001.
JOVCHELOVITCH, S. “The rehabilitation of common sense: social representations, science and cognitive polyphasia”. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, vol. 38 nº 4, p. 431-448, 2008.
KOHUT, A.; WIKE, R. “PEW PRESENTS… Assessing globalisation: benefits and drawbacks of trade and integration". Harvard International Review, vol. 30, nº 1, p. 70-74, 2008.
KUMAR, V. S. A. “A critical methodology of globalisation: politics of the 21st century?”. Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, vol. 10, nº 2, p. 87-111, 2003.
LAGE, E. “Les représentations sociales du métier de chercheur dans la jeunesse”. Rapport scientifique de l’Action Thématique Programmée du C.N.R.S. Contrat C.N.R.S. nº 2156, 1978.
LIU, J. H., et al. “Representing world history in the 21st century: the impact of 9/11, the Iraq War, and the Nation-State on dynamics of collective remembering”. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, vol. 40, nº 4, p. 667-692, 2009.
MCCARTHY, J. “Americans' favorable views of China take 12-point hit” (online), 2019. Available at: <https://news.gallup.com/poll/247559/americans-favorable-views-china-point-hit.aspx>. Access in: 28 Nov. 2019.
MENIN, M. S. S. “Representação social e estereótipo: a zona muda das representações sociais”. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, vol. 22, nº 1, p. 43-52, 2006.
MIGUEL, I.; VALENTIM, J. P.; CARUGATI, F. “Intelligence and its development: social representations and social identities”. Papers on Social Representations, vol. 19, nº 2, 2010.
MIGUEL, I.; VALENTIM, J. P.; CARUGATI, F. “De las representaciones sociales a la acción: proximidad y relación entre las representaciones sociales del desarrollo de la inteligencia y un estilo parental democrático”. Revista de Psicología Social, vol. 31, nº 2, p. 254-281, 2016.
MILANOVIC, B. Global inequality: a new approach for the age of globalization. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2016.
MORRISON, W. M. “China’s economic rise: history, trends, challenges, and implications for the United States” (online), 2019. Available at: <https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33534.pdf>. Access in: 26 Nov. 2019.
MOSCOVICI, S. La psychanalyse, son image et son public. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. (original work published in 1961), 1976.
MOSCOVICI, S. On social representations. In: FORGAS, J. P. (ed.). Social cognition: perspectives on everyday understanding. London: Academic Press, 1981.
MOSCOVICI, S. Why a theory of social representations? In: Deaux, K. and Philogène, G. (eds.). Representations of the social. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 8-35, 2001.
PATTON, M. Q. Qualitative research & evaluation methods, 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 2002.
POESCHL, G. “L’intelligence: un concept à la recherche d’un sens”. Doctoral Thesis. Faculté de Psychologie et des Sciences de L'Éducation. Université de Genève, Genéve, Suisse, 1992.
POESCHL, G. “Processus d’ancrage et représentations sociales de l’intelligence”. Psicologia, vol. 12, nº 1, p. 85-100, 1998.
POESCHL, G. Intelligence masculine et intelligence féminine. In: BRIL, B., et al. (eds.). Propos sur l’enfant et l’adolescent: quels enfants, pour quelles cultures? Paris: L’Harmattan, 1999.
POESCHL, G. “Social comparison and differentiation strategies in social representations of intelligence”. Swiss Journal of Psychology, vol. 60 nº 1, p. 15-26, 2001.
POESCHL, G.; CAMPOS, P. H. F.; BEN ALAYA, D. “Appartenances nationales et prises de position sur la mondialisation”. Bulletin de Psychologie, vol. 60, nº 1, p. 11-19, 2007.
POESCHL, G.; RIBEIRO, R. “Inserções sociais e tomadas de posição: efeito das pertenças sociais nas representações da globalização”. In: Valentim, J. P. (ed.). Representações sociais: para um conhecimento do pensamento quotidiano. In press.
POESCHL, G.; VIAUD, J. (eds.). Images de la mondialisation: la construction sociale d’une représentation. Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2008.
REESE, G.; ROSENMANN, A.; MCGARTY, C. “Globalisation and global concern: developing a social psychology of human responses to global challenges”. European Journal of Social Psychology, vol. 45, p. 799-805, 2015.
REICH, S. “What is globalisation? Four possible answers” (Working Paper nº 261) (online), 1998. Available at: <https://kellogg.nd.edu/publications/workingpapers/WPS/261.pdf>. Access in: 23 May 2005.
REINERT, M. “Les "mondes lexicaux" et leur "logique" à travers l’analyse statistique d’un corpus de récits de cauchemars”. Langage et Société, vol. 66, p. 5-39, 1993.
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