Keywords
Saliva
Alphapapillomavirus
Phylogeny
How to Cite
Abstract
Aim: Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) is a global health problem whose incidence varies by geographic region and race according to risk factors. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a significant risk factor for HNSCC. HPV-16 and HPV-18 are two forms of HPV that are carcinogenic. HNSCCs that are HPV positive have a better prognosis rather than HPV negative. The purpose of this research was to characterize HPV-16, -18 variations in the saliva of HNSCC patients by examining the genetic diversity of HPV-16, -18 utilizing the full E6, E7, and L1 genes. Methods: The case-control research included 15 patients with HNSCC and 15 healthy volunteers. Unstimulated entire saliva samples were obtained from the case and control groups by spitting method. Genomic DNA was isolated from all saliva samples. A PCR reaction was used to determine the presence of HPV in saliva. HPV-positive samples were genotyped and data were analyzed. We conducted a variant study on the HPV-16, -18 E6, and E7 genes. Results: Three patients with HNSCC were HPVpositive for two HPV genotypes out of 30 people diagnosed with HPV-DNA. HPV-16 and -18 were the most common genotypes. The HPV-16, -18 E6, and E7 genes were sequenced and compared to the HPV-16, -18 (E6, E7) prototype sequence. In all, HPV-16 lineages A1 and HPV-18 lineages A3 were discovered. Conclusion: Regarding the variation of HPV found in Iranian HNSCC patients, the need for further studies in HPV genotyping was seen. Sequencing HPV genes in HNSCC may help answer questions about HPV genotyping in the Iranian population. HPV genotype analysis aids in the development of vaccinations against HNSCC, halting disease progression and preventing HPV-associated HNSCC.
References
Jasim H, Carlsson A, Hedenberg-Magnusson B, Ghafouri B, Ernberg M. Saliva as a medium to detect and measure biomarkers related to pain. Sci Rep. 2018 Feb 19;8(1):3220. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-21131-4.
Wang S, Zhuang X, Gao C, Qiao T. Expression of p16, p53, and TLR9 in HPV-Associated Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Clinicopathological Correlations and Potential Prognostic Significance. Onco Targets Ther. 2021 Feb 5;14:867-77. doi: 10.2147/OTT.S293163.
Wierzbicka M, Klussmann JP, San Giorgi MR, Wuerdemann N, Dikkers FG. Oral and laryngeal HPV infection: Incidence, prevalence and risk factors, with special regard to concurrent infection in head, neck and genitals. Vaccine. 2021 Apr 22;39(17):2344-2350. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.03.047.
McDermott JD, Bowles DW. Epidemiology of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas: impact on staging and prevention strategies. Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2019;20(5):1-13. doi: 10.1007/s11864-019-0650-5.
Boscolo-Rizzo P, Zorzi M, Del Mistro A, Da Mosto MC, Tirelli G, Buzzoni C, et al. The evolution of the epidemiological landscape of head and neck cancer in Italy: Is there evidence for an increase in the incidence of potentially HPV-related carcinomas? PLoS One. 2018;13(2):e0192621. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192621.
Kofler B, Laimer J, Bruckmoser E, Steinbichler TB, Runge A, Schartinger VH, et al. The role of HPV and non-HPV sexually transmitted infections in patients with oropharyngeal carcinoma: A case control study. Cancers (Basel). 2020;12(5):1192. doi: 10.3390/cancers12051192.
Augustin JG, Lepine C, Morini A, Brunet A, Veyer D, Brochard C, et al. HPV detection in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas: what is the issue? Front Oncol. 2020 Sep 15;10:1751. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01751.
Rodriguez J, Herrero A, Li S, Rauch N, Quintanilla A, Wynne K, et al. PHD3 regulates p53 protein stability by hydroxylating proline 359. Cell Rep. 2018 Jul 31;24(5):1316-29. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.06.108.
Kobayashi K, Hisamatsu K, Suzui N, Hara A, Tomita H.Miyazaki T. A review of HPV-related head and neck cancer. Journal of clinical medicine. 2018;7(9):241. doi:10.3390/jcm7090241.
Kermani IA, Seifi S, Dolatkhah R, Sakhinia E, Dastgiri S, Ebrahimi A, et al. Human papilloma virus in head and neck squamous cell cancer. Iranian journal of cancer prevention. 2012;5(1):21. doi: 10.1200/jco.2011.29.15_suppl.e16011.
Seifi S, Kermani IA, Dolatkhah R, Kermani AA, Sakhinia E, Asgarzadeh M, et al. Prevalence of oral human papilloma virus in healthy individuals in East azerbaijan province of iran. Iran J Public Health. 2013;42(1):79-85.
Siebers T, Merkx M, Slootweg P, Melchers W, Van Cleef P, de Wilde P. No high-risk HPV detected in SCC of the oral tongue in the absolute absence of tobacco and alcohol—a case study of seven patients. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008 Dec;12(4):185-8. doi: 10.1007/s10006-008-0131-7.
Wood ZC, Bain CJ, Smith DD, Whiteman DC.Antonsson A. Oral human papillomavirus infection incidence and clearance: a systematic review of the literature. J Gen Virol. 2017 Apr;98(4):519-26. doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.000727.
Delavarian Z, Pakfetrat A, Falaki F, Pazouki M.Pazouki N. The role of viruses in oral squamous cell carcinoma in young patients in Khorasan (Northeast of Iran). J Appl Sci. 2010;10(11):981-5. doi: 10.3923/jas.2010.981.985.
Sisk EA, Soltys SG, Zhu S, Fisher SG, Carey TE.Bradford CR. Human papillomavirus and p53 mutational status as prognostic factors in head and neck carcinoma. Head & Neck: Journal for the Sciences and Specialties of the Head and Neck. 2002;24(9):841-49.
Jalilvand S, Shoja Z.Hamkar R. Human papillomavirus burden in different cancers in Iran: a systematic assessment. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2014;15(17):7029-35.
Kreimer AR, Johansson M, Waterboer T, Kaaks R, Chang-Claude J, Drogen D, et al. Evaluation of human papillomavirus antibodies and risk of subsequent head and neck cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(21):2708.
Aghaeipour F, Salehiniya H.Abbaszadeh H. Prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) in oral mucosal lesions in Iran: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. J Med Virol. 2021;93(11):6089-99.
Toh ZQ, Kosasih J, Russell FM, Garland SM, Mulholland EK.Licciardi PV. Recombinant human papillomavirus nonavalent vaccine in the prevention of cancers caused by human papillomavirus. Infection and drug resistance. 2019;12:1951. doi:10.2147/IDR.S178381.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2021 Maryam Koopaie, Mohamad Amin Nematollahi, Maryam Dadar, Soheila Manifar
Downloads
