Keywords
Smiling
Orthodontics
Adolescent
How to Cite
Abstract
c
Aim: To evaluate the prevalence and factors associated with gummy smiles in adolescents aged between 15 and 18 years attending high school. Methods: The cross-sectional and quantitative study was carried out during the Covid-19 pandemic, with 160 adolescents, from two public (A1) and two private (A2) schools chosen by lottery, divided into two groups: G1 (with gummy smile) and G2 (no gummy smile). A clinical examination was carried out on the adolescents, investigating the presence or absence of a gummy smile (GS), by analyzing the variables (interlabial distance at rest, upper incisor exposure at rest, smile arc, measurement from the subnasal to the upper lip philtrum, upper lip length, upper lip thickness, hypermobility and lower/middle third ratio). Means and dispersion were obtained, and the Chi-square association test was applied, to compare the results between A1 and A2 and between G1 and G2. Results: The prevalence of GS was 33.8% (=54). It was found that no statistically significant associations were found (p > 0.05), regarding the type of school and gender with the presence of GS in adolescents. There was no statistically significant difference (χ² = 1.82; p = 0.07) between the groups and the age of adolescents. There was a significant association between the studied variables and GS (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The prevalence was high with a predominance of females. There were no statistically significant associations regarding the type of school and gender, but there was a significant association between gummy smile and lip dimensions.
References
Mahardawi B, Chaisamut T, Wongsirichat N. Gum smile: a review of etiology, manifestations, and treatment. Siriraj Med J. 2019 Mar;71(2):168-74. doi: 10.33192/Smj.2019.26.
Pausch NC, Katsoulis D. Gender-specific evaluation of variation of maxillary exposure when smiling. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2017 Jun;45(6):913-20. doi: 10.1016/j.jcms.2017.03.002.
Mercado-García J, Rosso P, Gonzalvez-García M, Colina J, Fernández JM. Gummy smile: Mercado-Rosso classification system and dynamic restructuring with hyaluronic acid. Aesth Plast Surg. 2021 Oct;45(5):2338-49. doi: 10.1007/s00266-021-02169-8.
Camara CA. Aesthetics in orthodontics: six horizontal smile lines. Dental Press J. Orthod. 2010 Jan/Feb;15(1):118-31.
Seixas MR, Costa-Pinto RA, Araújo TMD. Checklist of aesthetic features to consider in diagnosing and treating excessive gingival display (gummy smile). Dental Press J Orthod. 2011;16(2):131-57. doi: 10.1590/S2176-94512011000200016.
Pavone AF, Marjan Ghassemian BDS, Verardi S. Gummy smile and short tooth syndrome-Part 1: etiopathogenesis, classification, and diagnostic guidelines. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2016 Feb;37(2):102-7; quiz 108-10.
Bynum J. Treatment of a “Gummy Smile”: understanding etiology is key to success. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2016 Feb;37(2):114–22.
Mokhtar HA, Abuljadayel LW, Al-Ali R, Yousef M. The perception of smile attractiveness among Saudi population. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent. 2015 Jan 20;7:17-23. doi: 10.2147/CCIDE.S74764.
Dym H, Pierre R 2nd. Diagnosis and treatment approaches to a "Gummy Smile". Dent Clin North Am. 2020 Apr;64(2):341-9. doi: 10.1016/j.cden.2019.12.003.
Lemos I, Avitos R, Noronha R, Urquiza M. Gummy Smile: diagnosis and treatment options. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2019;48(1):263-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ijom.2019.03.803.
Bolas-Colvee B, Tarazona B, Paredes-Gallardo V, Arias-De Luxan S. Relationship between perception of smile esthetics and orthodontic treatment in Spanish patients. PLoS ONE. 2018 Aug;13(8):e0201102. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201102.
Monaco A, Streni O, Marci MC, Marzo G, Gatto R, Giannoni M. Gummy smile: clinical parameters useful for diagnosis and therapeutical approach. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2004 Fall;29(1):19-25. doi: 10.17796/jcpd.29.1.y01l3r4m06q3k2x0.
Izraelewicz-Djebali E, Chabre C. Gummy smile: orthodontic or surgical treatment? J Dentofacial Anom Orthod. 2015;18(1):102. doi: 10.1051/odfen/2014036.
Diaspro A, Cavallini M, Piersini P, Sito G. Gummy smile treatment: proposal for a novel corrective technique and a review of the literature. Aesthet Surg J. 2018 Nov;38(12):1330-8. doi: 10.1093/asj/sjy174.
Park J H. Gummy smile: Its etiology and treatment options. AJO-DO Clin Comp. 2022 Jan;2(2):123-4. doi: 10.1016/j.xaor.2022.01.006.
Levi YLAS, Cota LVS, Maia LP. Digital smile design for gummy smile correction. Indian J Dent Res. 2019 Sep-Oct;30(5):803-806. doi: 10.4103/ijdr.IJDR_132_18.
Gatto RCJ, Garbin A, Corrente J, Garbin C. Self-esteem level of Brazilian teenagers victims of bullying and its relationship with the need for orthodontic treatment. Rev Gauch Odontol. 2017 Jan-Mar;65(1):30-6. doi: 10.1590/1981-863720170001000053304.
Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. [An overview of health in Brazil: access and use of services, health conditions and risk factors and health protection 2008]. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE; 2010 [cited 2022 May 5]. Available from: https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/biblioteca-catalogo?id=244356&view=detalhes. Portuguese.
Fontelles MJ, Simões MG, Almeida JC, Fontelles RGS. [Research methodology: guidelines for calculating the sample size]. Rev Para Med. 2010;24(2):57-64. Portuguese.
Pinho T, Bellot-Arcís C, Montiel-Company JM, Neves M. Esthetic assessment of the effect of gingival exposure in the smile of patients with unilateral and bilateral maxillary incisor agenesis. J Prosthodont. 2015 Jul;24(5):366-72. doi: 10.1111/jopr.12216.
Durigon M, Alessi BP, Neves M, Trentin MS. Perception of dentists, dental students, and patients on dentogengival aesthectics. Rev Odont Unesp. 2018 Mar;47(2):92-7. doi: 10.1590/1807-2577.08917.
Cotrin ER, Vasconcelos AV Jr, Haddad AC, Reis SA. Perception of adults’ smile esthetics among orthodontists, clinicians and laypeople. Dental Press J Orthod. 2015 Jan-Feb;20(1):40-4. doi: 10.1590/2176-945/20.1.040-044.oar.
Polo M. Gummy smile treatment: a 40- year journey. AJO-DO Clim Comp. 2022 Apr;2(1):25-35. doi: 10.1016/j.xaor.2022.01.007.
Antoniazzi RP, Fischer LS, Balbinot CEA, Antoniazzi SP, Skupien JA. Impact of excessive gingival display on oral health-related quality of life in a Southern Brazilian young population. J Clin Periodontol. 2017 Oct;44:996-1002. doi: 10.1111/jcep.12753.
Souza SML, Araújo IDT, Abrantes OS, Borges BCD, Assunção IV. [Harmonization of the smile with gingivoplasty and composite resin: case report]. Rev Cienc Plural, 2019;5(3):143-52. Portuguese.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2022 Millena Lopes de Brito, Marcelo Lucio Sousa Silva Junior, Breno Wesley Leal Carvalho, Elen Maria Carvalho da Silva, Ana de Lourdes Sá de Lira
Downloads
