Keywords
Nicotine
Polysaccharides, bacterial
How to Cite
Abstract
The purpose of this in vitro study was to analyze the influence of nicotine on the extracellular polysaccharides in Fusobacterium nucleatum biofilm. Methods: F. nucleatum (ATCC 10953) biofilms supplemented with different concentrations of nicotine (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 mg/mL) were grown in two different BHI broth conditions [no sucrose and 1% sucrose]. Extracellular polysaccharides assay, pH measurements, and a spectrophotometric assay were performed. Data were submitted for ANOVA and Tukey honestly significant difference analyses (HSD) tests (α =.05). Results: Extracellular polysaccharides synthesis was influenced by an interaction between nicotine concentrations and growth medium solution containing sucrose (P<.05). The pH values declined in the sucrose-exposed biofilm were greater than in the group exposed only to nicotine (P<.05). The biofilm exposed to sucrose and nicotine had a higher total biofilm growth (P<.05) than the nicotine-treated biofilm without sucrose. Conclusions: Regardless of sucrose exposure, biofilms exposed to different nicotine concentrations influenced the amount of extracellular polysaccharides.
References
Gursoy UK, Könönen E, Uitto VJ. Intracellular replication of fusobacteria requires new actin filament formation of epithelial cells. APMIS. 2008 Dec;116(12):1063-70. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2008.00868.x.
Zeller I, Malovichko MV, Hurst HE, Renaud DE, Scott DA. Cigarette smoke reduces short chain fatty acid production by a Porphyromonas gingivalis clinical isolate. J Periodontal Res. 2019 Oct;54(5):566-71. doi: 10.1111/jre.12660.
Bagaitkar J, Demuth DR, Scott DA. Tobacco use increases susceptibility to bacterial infection. Tob Induc Dis. 2008 Dec;4(1):12. doi: 10.1186/1617-9625-4-12.
Ciftçi O, Günday M, Calişkan M, Güllü H, Güven A, Müderrisoğlu H. Light cigarette smoking and vascular function. Acta Cardiol. 2013 Jun;68(3):255-61. doi: 10.1080/ac.68.3.2983419.
Karoussis IK, Salvi GE, Heitz-Mayfield LJ, Brägger U, Hämmerle CH, Lang NP. Long-term implant prognosis in patients with and without a history of chronic periodontitis: a 10-year prospective cohort study of the ITI Dental Implant System. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2003 Jun;14(3):329-39. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0501.000.00934.x.
Albandar JM, Streckfus CF, Adesanya MR, Winn DM. Cigar, pipe, and cigarette smoking as risk factors for periodontal disease and tooth loss. J Periodontol. 2000 Dec;71(12):1874-81. doi: 10.1902/jop.2000.71.12.1874.
Kanmaz B, Lappin DF, Nile CJ, Buduneli N. Effects of smoking on non-surgical periodontal therapy in patients with periodontitis Stage III or IV, and Grade C. J Periodontol. 2020 Apr;91(4):442-53. doi: 10.1002/JPER.19-0141.
Balhaddad AA, Melo MAS, Gregory RL. Inhibition of nicotine-induced Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation by salts solutions intended for mouthrinses. Restor Dent Endod. 2019 Jan;44(1):e4. doi: 10.5395/rde.2019.44.e4.
Alzayer YM, Gomez GF, Eckert GJ, Levon JA, Gregory RL. The impact of nicotine and cigarette smoke condensate on metabolic activity and biofilm formation of candida albicans on acrylic denture material. J Prosthodont. 2020 Feb;29(2):173-8. doi: 10.1111/jopr.12945.
Ashkanane A, Gomez GF, Levon J, Windsor LJ, Eckert GJ, Gregory RL. Nicotine Upregulates Coaggregation of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans. J Prosthodont. 2019 Aug;28(7):790-6. doi: 10.1111/jopr.12643.
Limoli DH, Jones CJ, Wozniak DJ. Bacterial extracellular polysaccharides in biofilm formation and function. Microbiol Spectr. 2015 Jun;3(3):10.1128/microbiolspec.MB-0011-2014. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.MB-0011-2014.
Koo H, Falsetta ML, Klein MI. The exopolysaccharide matrix: a virulence determinant of cariogenic biofilm. J Dent Res. 2013 Dec;92(12):1065-73. doi: 10.1177/0022034513504218.
Romaní AM, Fund K, Artigas J, Schwartz T, Sabater S, Obst U. Relevance of polymeric matrix enzymes during biofilm formation. Microb Ecol. 2008 Oct;56(3):427-36. doi: 10.1007/s00248-007-9361-8.
Koo H, Xiao J, Klein MI, Jeon JG. Exopolysaccharides produced by Streptococcus mutans glucosyltransferases modulate the establishment of microcolonies within multispecies biofilms. J Bacteriol. 2010 Jun;192(12):3024-32. doi: 10.1128/JB.01649-09.
Simmonds RS, Tompkins GR, George RJ. Dental caries and the microbial ecology of dental plaque: a review of recent advances. N Z Dent J. 2000 Jun;96(424):44-9.
Wang A, Swinford C, Zhao A, Ramos ED, Gregory RL, Srinivasan M. A case-control study to determine the prognostic features of salivary epithelial cells in periodontitis. JDR Clin Trans Res. 2016 Oct;1(3):256-65. doi: 10.1177/2380084416653596.
El-Ezmerli NF, Gregory RL. Effect of nicotine on biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans isolates from smoking and non-smoking subjects. J Oral Microbiol. 2019 Sep;11(1):1662275. doi: 10.1080/20002297.2019.1662275.
Masuko T, Minami A, Iwasaki N, Majima T, Nishimura S, Lee YC. Carbohydrate analysis by a phenol-sulfuric acid method in microplate format. Anal Biochem. 2005 Apr 1;339(1):69-72. doi: 10.1016/j.ab.2004.12.001.
Ayoub HM, Gregory RL, Tang Q, Lippert F. The anti-caries efficacy of three fluoride compounds at increasing maturation of a microcosm biofilm. Arch Oral Biol. 2020 Sep;117:104781. doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104781.
Escobar E, Piedrahita M, Gregory RL. Growth and viability of Streptococcus mutans in sucrose with different concentrations of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni. Clin Oral Investig. 2020 Sep;24(9):3237-42. doi: 10.1007/s00784-020-03197-5.
Al Amri MD, Kellesarian SV, Abduljabbar TS, Al Rifaiy MQ, Al Baker AM, Al-Kheraif AA. Comparison of peri-implant soft tissue parameters and crestal bone loss around immediately loaded and delayed loaded implants in smokers and non-smokers: 5-year follow-up results. J Periodontol. 2017 Jan;88(1):3-9. doi: 10.1902/jop.2016.160427.
Moon JH, Lee JH, Lee JY. Subgingival microbiome in smokers and non-smokers in Korean chronic periodontitis patients. Mol Oral Microbiol. 2015 Jun;30(3):227-41. doi: 10.1111/omi.12086.
Jiang Y, Zhou X, Cheng L, Li M. The impact of smoking on subgingival microflora: from periodontal health to disease. Front Microbiol. 2020 Jan;11:66. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00066.
Larsen T, Fiehn NE. Dental biofilm infections - an update. APMIS. 2017 Apr;125(4):376-84. doi: 10.1111/apm.12688.
Donlan RM, Costerton JW. Biofilms: survival mechanisms of clinically relevant microorganisms. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2002 Apr;15(2):167-93. doi: 10.1128/CMR.15.2.167-193.2002.
Li MY, Huang RJ, Zhou XD, Gregory RL. Role of sortase in Streptococcus mutans under the effect of nicotine. Int J Oral Sci. 2013 Dec;5(4):206-11. doi: 10.1038/ijos.2013.86.
Stauffer HP, Riedwyl H. Interaction and pH dependence of effects of nicotine and carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke inhalation experiments with rats. Agents Actions. 1977 Dec;7(5-6):579-88. doi: 10.1007/BF02111133.
Richter P, Spierto FW. Surveillance of smokeless tobacco nicotine, pH, moisture, and unprotonated nicotine content. Nicotine Tob Res. 2003 Dec;5(6):885-9. doi: 10.1080/14622200310001614647.
Huang R, Li M, Gregory RL. Effect of nicotine on growth and metabolism of Streptococcus mutans. Eur J Oral Sci. 2012 Aug;120(4):319-25. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2012.00971.x.
Li M, Huang R, Zhou X, Zhang K, Zheng X, Gregory RL. Effect of nicotine on dual-species biofilms of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2014 Jan;350(2):125-32. doi: 10.1111/1574-6968.12317.
Teughels W, Van Eldere J, van Steenberghe D, Cassiman JJ, Fives-Taylor P, Quirynen M. Influence of nicotine and cotinine on epithelial colonization by periodontopathogens. J Periodontol. 2005 Aug;76(8):1315-22. doi: 10.1902/jop.2005.76.8.1315.
Roberts D, Cole P. Effect of tobacco and nicotine on growth of Haemophilus influenzae in vitro. J Clin Pathol. 1979 Jul;32(7):728-31. doi: 10.1136/jcp.32.7.728.
Ruan A, Min H, Zhu W. Studies on biodegradation of nicotine by Arthrobacter sp. strain HF-2. J Environ Sci Health B. 2006;41(7):1159-70. doi: 10.1080/03601230600856934.
Kolenbrander PE, London J. Adhere today, here tomorrow: oral bacterial adherence. J Bacteriol. 1993 Jun;175(11):3247-52. doi: 10.1128/jb.175.11.3247-3252.1993.
Diaz PI, Zilm PS, Rogers AH. Fusobacterium nucleatum supports the growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis in oxygenated and carbon-dioxide-depleted environments. Microbiology (Reading). 2002 Feb;148(Pt 2):467-72. doi: 10.1099/00221287-148-2-467.
Marsh PD. Microbial ecology of dental plaque and its significance in health and disease. Adv Dent Res. 1994 Jul;8(2):263-71. doi: 10.1177/08959374940080022001.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2023 Adaias Oliveira Matos, Valentim Adelino Ricardo Barão, Richard Lee Gregory
Downloads
