Abstract
Aim: Cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX) catalyze the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins and thromboxanes during pain and inflammation conditions. These enzymes have also been linked to several other conditions and diseases, and hence, in dentistry, it is crucial to identify the processes that increase the levels of these mediators. This paper aims to describe the significance of COX in dental practice through a narrative review. Methods: Articles relating to COX upregulation published in English and Spanish over the last 51 years in databases such as EBSCO, Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed, and Web of Science; were analyzed. Results: A total of 115 articles demonstrating the relationship between COX upregulation and multiple conditions and diseases of importance in prosthodontics, periodontics, oral pathology, orthodontics, and endodontics were included. Conclusions: COX upregulation is related to inflammatory and malignant diseases in oral tissues, such as periodontitis, pulpitis, and oral cancer, nevertheless, its expression is advantageous in other fields of study such as orthodontics. Additionally, is well documented that dental materials provoke an undesired increase in COX expression, which could be a significant factor that directly affects pulpal health.
References
Hanna VS, Hafez EAA. Synopsis of arachidonic acid metabolism: A review. J Adv Res. 2018 Mar 13:11:23-32. doi: 10.1016/j.jare.2018.03.005.
Smith WL, Murphy RC. The eicosanoids: cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase and epoxygenase pathways. biochemistry of lipids, lipoproteins and membranes. 6. ed. Elsevier; 2015. p.259-96. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-63438-2.00009-2.
Dubois RN, Abramson SB, Crofford L, Gupta RA, Simon LS, Van De Putte LB, et al. Cyclooxygenase in biology and disease. FASEB J. 1998 Sep;12(12):1063-73.
Simmons DL, Botting RM, Hla T. Cyclooxygenase isozymes: the biology of prostaglandin synthesis and inhibition. Pharmacol Rev. 2004 Sep;56(3):387-437. doi: 10.1124/pr.56.3.3.
El Attar TM, Lin HS. Relative conversion of arachidonic acid through lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase pathways by homogenates of diseased periodontal tissues. J Oral Pathol. 1983 Feb;12(1):7-10. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.1983.tb00311.x.
Goodson JM, Dewhirst FE, Brunetti A. Prostaglandin E2 levels and human periodontal disease. Prostaglandins. 1974 Apr;6(1):81-5. doi: 10.1016/s0090-6980(74)80043-2.
Zhang F, Engebretson SP, Morton RS, Cavanaugh PF Jr, Subbaramaiah K, Dannenberg AJ. The overexpression of cyclo-oxygenase-2 in chronic periodontitis. J Am Dent Assoc. 2003 Jul;134(7):861-7. doi: 10.14219/jada.archive.2003.0284.
Mesa F, Aguilar M, Galindo-Moreno P, Bravo M, O'Valle F. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in gingival biopsies from periodontal patients is correlated with connective tissue loss. J Periodontol. 2012 Dec;83(12):1538-45. doi: 10.1902/jop.2012.110561.
Offenbacher S, Heasman PA, Collins JG. Modulation of host PGE2 secretion as a determinant of periodontal disease expression. J Periodontol. 1993 May;64 Suppl 5S:432-44. doi: 10.1902/jop.1993.64.5s.432.
Offenbacher S, Odle BM, Green MD, Mayambala CS, Smith MA, Fritz ME, et al. Inhibition of human periodontal prostaglandin E2 synthesis with selected agents. Agents Actions. 1990 Mar;29(3-4):232-8. doi: 10.1007/BF01966452.
Tipton DA, Flynn JC, Stein SH, Dabbous MK. Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors Decrease Interleukin-1β-Stimulated Prostaglandin E2 and IL-6 Production by Human Gingival Fibroblasts. J Periodontol. 2003 Dec;74(12):1754-63. doi: 10.1902/jop.2003.74.12.1754.
Vardar S, Baylas H, Huseyinov A. Effects of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition on gingival tissue levels of prostaglandin E2 and prostaglandin F2alpha and clinical parameters of chronic periodontitis. J Periodontol. 2003 Jan;74(1):57-63. doi: 10.1902/jop.2003.74.1.57.
Heasman PA, Offenbacher S, Collins JG, Edwards G, Seymour RA. Flurbiprofen in the prevention and treatment of experimental gingivitis. J Clin Periodontol. 1993 Nov;20(10):732-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.1993.tb00699.x.
Waite IM, Saxton CA, Young A, Wagg BJ, Corbett M. The periodontal status of subjects receiving non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. J Periodontal Res. 1981 Jan;16(1):100-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.1981.tb00953.x..
Taiyeb Ali TB, Waite IM. The effect of systemic ibuprofen on gingival inflammation in humans. J Clin Periodontol. 1993 Nov;20(10):723-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.1993.tb00697.x.
Reddy MS, Palcanis KG, Barnett ML, Haigh S, Charles CH, Jeffcoat MK. Efficacy of meclofenamate sodium (Meclomen) in the treatment of rapidly progressive periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol. 1993 Oct;20(9):635-40. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.1993.tb00708.x.
Sekino S, Ramberg P, Lindhe J. The effect of systemic administration of ibuprofen in the experimental gingivitis model. J Clin Periodontol. 2005 Feb;32(2):182-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-051X.2005.00671.x.
Aras H, Cağlayan F, Güncü GN, Berberoğlu A, Kilinç K. Effect of systemically administered naproxen sodium on clinical parameters and myeloperoxidase and elastase-like activity levels in gingival crevicular fluid. J Periodontol. 2007 May;78(5):868-73. doi: 10.1902/jop.2007.060412.
Vlad C, Vlad DC, Bucur A, Popescu R, Dumitraşcu V. Beneficial effects of selective cyclooxigenase-2 inhibitor etoricoxib in periodontitis. Ann Romanian Soc Cell Biol. 2012 Jan;17(1):211-6.
Cao Y, Prescott SM. Many actions of cyclooxygenase-2 in cellular dynamics and in cancer. J Cell Physiol. 2002 Mar;190(3):279-86. doi: 10.1002/jcp.10068.
Mendes RA, Carvalho JF, Waal Iv. An overview on the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in tumors of the head and neck. Oral Oncol. 2009 Oct;45(10):e124-8. doi: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2009.03.016.
Long J, Zhang CJ, Zhu N, Du K, Yin YF, Tan X, Liao DF, Qin L. Lipid metabolism and carcinogenesis, cancer development. Am J Cancer Res. 2018 May 1;8(5):778-791.
Chandrasekharan NV, Simmons DL. The cyclooxygenases. Genome Biol. 2004;5(9):241. doi: 10.1186/gb-2004-5-9-241.
Husvik C, Khuu C, Bryne M, Halstensen TS. PGE2 production in oral cancer cell lines is COX-2-dependent. J Dent Res. 2009 Feb;88(2):164-9. doi: 10.1177/0022034508329519.
Yang CC, Tu HF, Wu CH, Chang HC, Chiang WF, Shih NC, et al. Up-regulation of HB-EGF by the COX-2/PGE2 signaling associates with the cisplatin resistance and tumor recurrence of advanced HNSCC. Oral Oncol. 2016 May;56:54-61. doi: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2016.03.010.
Sinanoglu A, Soluk-Tekkesin M, Olgac V. Cyclooxygenase-2 and Ki67 Expression in Oral Leukoplakia: a Clinicopathological Study. J Oral Maxillofac Res. 2015 Jun;6(2):e3. doi: 10.5037/jomr.2015.6203.
Renkonen J, Wolff H, Paavonen T. Expression of cyclo-oxygenase-2 in human tongue carcinoma and its precursor lesions. Virchows Arch. 2002 Jun;440(6):594-7. doi: 10.1007/s00428-002-0616-y.
Chankong T, Chotjumlong P, Sastraruji T, Pongsiriwet S, Iamaroon A, Krisanaprakornkit S. Increased cyclooxygenase 2 expression in association with oral lichen planus severity. J Dent Sci. 2016 Sep;11(3):238-44. doi: 10.1016/j.jds.2015.12.002.
Tsai CH, Huang FM, Yang LC, Chou MY, Chang YC. Immunohistochemical localization of cyclooxygenase-2 in radicular cysts. Int Endod J. 2002 Oct;35(10):854-8. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2591.2002.00584.x.
Alsaegh MA, Miyashita H, Taniguchi T, Zhu SR. Odontogenic epithelial proliferation is correlated with COX-2 expression in dentigerous cyst and ameloblastoma. Exp Ther Med. 2017 Jan;13(1):247-53. doi: 10.3892/etm.2016.3939.
Sánchez-Romero C, Mosqueda-Taylor A, Delgado-Azañero W, Paes de Almedia O, Bologna-Molina R. Comparison of fatty acid synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 immunoexpression in embryonal, benign, and malignant odontogenic tissues. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2019 Apr;127(4):309-17. doi: 10.1016/j.oooo.2018.12.020.
Lipari L, Mauro A, Gallina S, Tortorici S, Buscemi M, Tete S, et al. Expression of gelatinases (MMP-2, MMP-9) and cyclooxygenases (COX-1, COX-2) in some benign salivary gland tumors. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2012 Jan-Mar;25(1):107-15. doi: 10.1177/039463201202500113.
Mauro A, Lipari L, Leone A, Tortorici S, Burruano F, Provenzano S, et al. Expression of cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 in normal and pathological human oral mucosa. Folia Histochem Cytobiol. 2010 Dec;48(4):555-63. doi: 10.2478/v10042-010-0066-3.
Omabe M, Ezeani M, Omabe KN. Lipid metabolism and cancer progression: The missing target in metastatic cancer treatment. J Appl Biomed. 2014;13(1):47–59. doi: 10.1016/j.jab.2014.09.004.
Harris M, Jenkins MV, Bennett A, Wills MR. Prostaglandin production and bone resorption by dental cysts. Nature. 1973 Sep;245(5422):213-5. doi: 10.1038/245213a0.
Oka S, Kubota Y, Yamashiro T, Ogata S, Ninomiya T, Ito S, et al. Effects of positive pressure in odontogenic keratocysts. J Dent Res. 2005 Oct;84(10):913-8. doi: 10.1177/154405910508401008.
Ribeiro-Santos FR, Silva GGD, Petean IBF, Arnez MFM, Silva LABD, Faccioli LH, et al. Periapical bone response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide is shifted upon cyclooxygenase blockage. J Appl Oral Sci. 2019 Jun 3;27:e20180641. doi: 10.1590/1678-7757-2018-0641.
Nakao S, Ogata Y, Shimizu-Sasaki E, Yamazaki M, Furuyama S, Sugiya H. Activation of NFkappaB is necessary for IL-1beta-induced cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in human gingival fibroblasts. Mol Cell Biochem. 2000 Jun;209(1-2):113-8. doi: 10.1023/a:1007155525020.
Kanzaki H, Chiba M, Shimizu Y, Mitani H. Periodontal ligament cells under mechanical stress induce osteoclastogenesis by receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand up-regulation via prostaglandin E2 synthesis. J Bone Miner Res. 2002 Feb;17(2):210-20. doi: 10.1359/jbmr.2002.17.2.210.
Kojima T, Yamaguchi M, Kasai K. Substance P stimulates release of RANKL via COX-2 expression in human dental pulp cells. Inflamm Res. 2006 Feb;55(2):78-84. doi: 10.1007/s00011-005-0013-5.
Coon D, Gulati A, Cowan C, He J. The role of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in inflammatory bone resorption. J Endod. 2007 Apr;33(4):432-6. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2006.12.001.
Lader CS, Flanagan AM. Prostaglandin E2, interleukin 1alpha, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha increase human osteoclast formation and bone resorption in vitro. Endocrinology. 1998 Jul;139(7):3157-64. doi: 10.1210/endo.139.7.6085.
Williams RC, Jeffcoat MK, Howell TH, Rolla A, Stubbs D, Teoh KW, et al. Altering the progression of human alveolar bone loss with the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug flurbiprofen. J Periodontol. 1989 Sep;60(9):485-90. doi: 10.1902/jop.1989.60.9.485.
Jeffcoat MK, Reddy MS, Haigh S, Buchanan W, Doyle MJ, Meredith MP, et al. A comparison of topical ketorolac, systemic flurbiprofen, and placebo for the inhibition of bone loss in adult periodontitis. J Periodontol. 1995 May;66(5):329-38. doi: 10.1902/jop.1995.66.5.329.
Bezerra MM, de Lima V, Alencar VB, Vieira IB, Brito GA, Ribeiro RA, et al. Selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition prevents alveolar bone loss in experimental periodontitis in rats. J Periodontol. 2000 Jun;71(6):1009-14. doi: 10.1902/jop.2000.71.6.1009.
Sorsa T, Tjäderhane L, Salo T. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in oral diseases. Oral Dis. 2004 Nov;10(6):311-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2004.01038.x.
Birkedal-Hansen H. Role of cytokines and inflammatory mediators in tissue destruction. J Periodontal Res. 1993 Nov;28(6 Pt 2):500-10. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.1993.tb02113.x.
Li G, Yue Y, Tian Y, Li JL, Wang M, Liang H, et al. Association of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, 3, 9, interleukin (IL)-2, 8 and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 gene polymorphisms with chronic periodontitis in a Chinese population. Cytokine. 2012 Nov;60(2):552-60. doi: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.06.239.
Domeij H, Yucel-Lindberg T, Modéer T. Signal pathways involved in the production of MMP-1 and MMP-3 in human gingival fibroblasts. Eur J Oral Sci. 2002 Aug;110(4):302-6. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0722.2002.21247.x.
Sakaki H, Matsumiya T, Kusumi A, Imaizumi T, Satoh H, Yoshida H, et al. Interleukin-1beta induces matrix metalloproteinase-1 expression in cultured human gingival fibroblasts: role of cyclooxygenase-2 and prostaglandin E2. Oral Dis. 2004 Mar;10(2):87-93. doi: 10.1046/j.1354-523x.2003.00982.x.
Vardar-Sengul S, Buduneli E, Turkoglu O, Buduneli N, Atilla G, Wahlgren J, et al. The effects of selective COX-2 inhibitor/celecoxib and omega-3 fatty acid on matrix metalloproteinases, TIMP-1, and laminin-5gamma2-chain immunolocalization in experimental periodontitis. J Periodontol. 2008 Oct;79(10):1934-41. doi: 10.1902/jop.2008.080001.
Söder B. Neutrophil elastase activity, levels of prostaglandin E2, and matrix metalloproteinase-8 in refractory periodontitis sites in smokers and non-smokers. Acta Odontol Scand. 1999 Apr;57(2):77-82. doi: 10.1080/000163599428940.
Buduneli N, Vardar S, Atilla G, Sorsa T, Luoto H, Baylas H. Gingival crevicular fluid matrix metalloproteinase-8 levels following adjunctive use of meloxicam and initial phase of periodontal therapy. J Periodontol. 2002 Jan;73(1):103-9. doi: 10.1902/jop.2002.73.1.103.
Guan SM, Shu L, Fu SM, Liu B, Xu XL, Wu JZ. Prevotella intermedia upregulates MMP-1 and MMP-8 expression in human periodontal ligament cells. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2009 Oct;299(2):214-22. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2009.01748.x.
Noguchi K, Ruwanpura SM, Yan M, Yoshida N, Ishikawa I. Down-regulation of interleukin-1alpha-induced matrix metalloproteinase-13 expression via EP1 receptors by prostaglandin E2 in human periodontal ligament cells. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2005 Feb;20(1):56-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-302X.2004.00187.x.
Roberts WE, Goodwin WC Jr, Heiner SR. Cellular response to orthodontic force. Dent Clin North Am. 1981 Jan;25(1):3-17.
Lilja E, Björnestedt T, Lindskog S. Cellular enzyme activity associated with tissue degradation following orthodontic tooth movement in man. Scand J Dent Res. 1983 Oct;91(5):381-90. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.1983.tb00834.x.
Saito M, Saito S, Ngan PW, Shanfeld J, Davidovitch Z. Interleukin 1 beta and prostaglandin E are involved in the response of periodontal cells to mechanical stress in vivo and in vitro. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1991 Mar;99(3):226-40. doi: 10.1016/0889-5406(91)70005-H.
Ngan PW, Crock B, Varghese J, Lanese R, Shanfeld J, Davidovitch Z. Immunohistochemical assessment of the effect of chemical and mechanical stimuli on cAMP and prostaglandin E levels in human gingival fibroblasts in vitro. Arch Oral Biol. 1988;33(3):163-74. doi: 10.1016/0003-9969(88)90041-6.
Sanuki R, Mitsui N, Suzuki N, Koyama Y, Yamaguchi A, Isokawa K, et al. Effect of compressive force on the production of prostaglandin E(2) and its receptors in osteoblastic Saos-2 cells. Connect Tissue Res. 2007;48(5):246-53. doi: 10.1080/03008200701541775.
Yamasaki K, Miura F, Suda T. Prostaglandin as a mediator of bone resorption induced by experimental tooth movement in rats. J Dent Res. 1980 Oct;59(10):1635-42. doi: 10.1177/00220345800590101301.
Imamura K, Ozawa H, Hiraide T, Takahashi N, Shibasaki Y, Fukuhara T, et al. Continuously applied compressive pressure induces bone resorption by a mechanism involving prostaglandin E2 synthesis. J Cell Physiol. 1990 Aug;144(2):222-8. doi: 10.1002/jcp.1041440207.
Mitsui N, Suzuki N, Maeno M, Mayahara K, Yanagisawa M, Otsuka K, et al. Optimal compressive force induces bone formation via increasing bone sialoprotein and prostaglandin E(2) production appropriately. Life Sci. 2005 Nov;77(25):3168-82. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.03.037.
Yamasaki K, Shibata Y, Imai S, Tani Y, Shibasaki Y, Fukuhara T. Clinical application of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) upon orthodontic tooth movement. Am J Orthod. 1984 Jun;85(6):508-18. doi: 10.1016/0002-9416(84)90091-5.
Phusuntornsakul P, Jitpukdeebodintra S, Pavasant P, Leethanakul C. Vibration enhances PGE2 , IL-6, and IL-8 expression in compressed hPDL cells via cyclooxygenase pathway. J Periodontol. 2018 Sep;89(9):1131-41. doi: 10.1002/JPER.17-0653.
Lee KJ, Park YC, Yu HS, Choi SH, Yoo YJ. Effects of continuous and interrupted orthodontic force on interleukin-1beta and prostaglandin E2 production in gingival crevicular fluid. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2004 Feb;125(2):168-77. doi: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2003.03.006.
Mayahara K, Kobayashi Y, Takimoto K, Suzuki N, Mitsui N, Shimizu N. Aging stimulates cyclooxygenase-2 expression and prostaglandin E2 production in human periodontal ligament cells after the application of compressive force. J Periodontal Res. 2007 Feb;42(1):8-14. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2006.00885.x.
Grimm S, Wolff E, Walter C, Pabst AM, Mundethu A, Jacobs C, et al. Influence of clodronate and compressive force on IL-1ß-stimulated human periodontal ligament fibroblasts. Clin Oral Investig. 2020 Jan;24(1):343-50. doi: 10.1007/s00784-019-02930-z.
Shimizu N, Ozawa Y, Yamaguchi M, Goseki T, Ohzeki K, Abiko Y. Induction of COX-2 expression by mechanical tension force in human periodontal ligament cells. J Periodontol. 1998 Jun;69(6):670-7. doi: 10.1902/jop.1998.69.6.670.
de Carlos F, Cobo J, Díaz-Esnal B, Arguelles J, Vijande M, Costales M. Orthodontic tooth movement after inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2006 Mar;129(3):402-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2005.11.020.
Fang J, Li Y, Zhang K, Zhao Z, Mei L. Escaping the Adverse Impacts of NSAIDs on Tooth Movement During Orthodontics: Current Evidence Based on a Meta-Analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016 Apr;95(16):e3256. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000003256.
Kirschneck C, Küchler EC, Wahlmann U, Proff P, Schröder A. Effects of the highly COX-2-selective analgesic NSAID etoricoxib on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement and cranial growth. Ann Anat. 2018 Nov;220:21-8. doi: 10.1016/j.aanat.2018.07.001.
Petrini M, Ferrante M, Ciavarelli L, Brunetti L, Vacca M, Spoto G. Prostaglandin E2 to diagnose between reversible and irreversible pulpitis. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2012 Jan-Mar;25(1):157-63. doi: 10.1177/039463201202500118.
Cohen JS, Reader A, Fertel R, Beck M, Meyers WJ. A radioimmunoassay determination of the concentrations of prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha in painful and asymptomatic human dental pulps. J Endod. 1985 Aug;11(8):330-5. doi: 10.1016/s0099-2399(85)80039-x.
McNicholas S, Torabinejad M, Blankenship J, Bakland L. The concentration of prostaglandin E2 in human periradicular lesions. J Endod. 1991 Mar;17(3):97-100. doi: 10.1016/S0099-2399(06)81737-1.
Nakanishi T, Matsuo T, Ebisu S. Quantitative analysis of immunoglobulins and inflammatory factors in human pulpal blood from exposed pulps. J Endod. 1995 Mar;21(3):131-6. doi: 10.1016/s0099-2399(06)80438-3.
Nakanishi T, Shimizu H, Hosokawa Y, Matsuo T. An immunohistological study on cyclooxygenase-2 in human dental pulp. J Endod. 2001 Jun;27(6):385-8. doi: 10.1097/00004770-200106000-00003.
Lin SK, Kuo MY, Wang JS, Lee JJ, Wang CC, Huang S, et al. Differential regulation of interleukin-6 and inducible cyclooxygenase gene expression by cytokines through prostaglandin-dependent and -independent mechanisms in human dental pulp fibroblasts. J Endod. 2002 Mar;28(3):197-201. doi: 10.1097/00004770-200203000-00013.
Chang YC, Tsai CH, Yang SH, Liu CM, Chou MY. Induction of cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA and protein expression in human gingival fibroblasts stimulated with nicotine. J Periodontal Res. 2003 Oct;38(5):496-501. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0765.2003.00681.x.
Chang MC, Chen YJ, Tai TF, Tai MR, Li MY, Tsai YL, et al. Cytokine-induced prostaglandin E2 production and cyclooxygenase-2 expression in dental pulp cells: downstream calcium signalling via activation of prostaglandin EP receptor. Int Endod J. 2006 Oct;39(10):819-26. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2006.01156.x.
Park C, Lee SY, Kim HJ, Park K, Kim JS, Lee SJ. Synergy of TLR2 and H1R on Cox-2 Activation in Pulpal Cells. J Dent Res. 2010 Feb;89(2):180-5. doi: 10.1177/0022034509354720.
De Couto Pita A, Borda E, Ganzinelli S, Passafaro D, Sterin-Borda L. Cholinoceptor modulation on nitric oxide regulates prostaglandin E(2) and metalloproteinase-3 production in experimentally induced inflammation of rat dental pulp. J Endod. 2009 Apr;35(4):529-36. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2009.01.004.
Ohkura N, Shigetani Y, Yoshiba N, Yoshiba K, Okiji T. Prostaglandin transporting protein-mediated prostaglandin E2 transport in lipopolysaccharide-inflamed rat dental pulp. J Endod. 2014 Aug;40(8):1112-7. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2013.12.024.
Okiji T, Morita I, Sunada I, Murota S. Involvement of arachidonic acid metabolites in increases in vascular permeability in experimental dental pulpal inflammation in the rat. Arch Oral Biol. 1989;34(7):523-8. doi: 10.1016/0003-9969(89)90090-3.
Oguntebi BR, Barker BF, Anderson DM, Sakumura J. The effect of indomethacin on experimental dental periapical lesions in rats. J Endod. 1989 Mar;15(3):117-21. doi: 10.1016/S0099-2399(89)80131-1.
Sundqvist G, Rosenquist JB, Lerner UH. Effects of bradykinin and thrombin on prostaglandin formation, cell proliferation and collagen biosynthesis in human dental-pulp fibroblasts. Arch Oral Biol. 1995 Mar;40(3):247-56. doi: 10.1016/0003-9969(95)98813-e.
Li JY, Wang SN, Dong YM. [Anti-inflammatory and repaired effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on human dental pulp cells]. Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2020 Feb;52(1):24-9. Chinese. doi: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2020.01.004.
Martinho FC, Gomes CC, Nascimento GG, Gomes APM, Leite FRM. Clinical comparison of the effectiveness of 7- and 14-day intracanal medications in root canal disinfection and inflammatory cytokines. Clin Oral Investig. 2018 Jan;22(1):523-530. doi: 10.1007/s00784-017-2143-x.
Karataş E, Uluköylü E, Albayrak M, Bayır Y. Effect of calcium hydroxide alone or in combination with ibuprofen and ciprofloxacin on postoperative pain and periapical prostaglandin E2 level: a randomized clinical study. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 2021 Apr;153:106525. doi: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2020.106525.
Minamikawa H, Deyama Y, Nakamura K, Yoshimura Y, Kaga M, Suzuki K, et al. Effect of mineral trioxide aggregate on rat clonal dental pulp cells: expression of cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA and inflammation-related protein via nuclear factor kappa B signaling system. J Endod. 2009 Jun;35(6):843-6. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2009.03.008.
Ohkura N, Edanami N, Takeuchi R, Tohma A, Ohkura M, Yoshiba N, et al. Effects of pulpotomy using mineral trioxide aggregate on prostaglandin transporter and receptors in rat molars. Sci Rep. 2017 Jul;7(1):6870. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-07167-y.
Gallatin E, Reader A, Nist R, Beck M. Pain reduction in untreated irreversible pulpitis using an intraosseous injection of Depo-Medrol. J Endod. 2000 Nov;26(11):633-8. doi: 10.1097/00004770-200011000-00001.
Isett J, Reader A, Gallatin E, Beck M, Padgett D. Effect of an intraosseous injection of depo-medrol on pulpal concentrations of PGE2 and IL-8 in untreated irreversible pulpitis. J Endod. 2003 Apr;29(4):268-71. doi: 10.1097/00004770-200304000-00010.
Takayama S, Miki Y, Shimauchi H, Okada H. Relationship between prostaglandin E2 concentrations in periapical exudates from root canals and clinical findings of periapical periodontitis. J Endod. 1996 Dec;22(12):677-80. doi: 10.1016/s0099-2399(96)80063-x.
Alptekin NO, Ari H, Haliloglu S, Alptekin T, Serpek B, Ataoglu T. The effect of endodontic therapy on periapical exudate neutrophil elastase and prostaglandin-E2 levels. J Endod. 2005 Nov;31(11):791-5. doi: 10.1097/01.don.0000158010.43884.59.
Shimauchi H, Takayama S, Miki Y, Okada H. The change of periapical exudate prostaglandin E2 levels during root canal treatment. J Endod. 1997 Dec;23(12):755-8. doi: 10.1016/s0099-2399(97)80350-0.
Grga D, Dzeletović B, Damjanov M, Hajduković-Dragojlović L. Prostaglandin E2 in apical tissue fluid and postoperative pain in intact and teeth with large restorations in two endodontic treatment visits. Srp Arh Celok Lek. 2013 Jan-Feb;141(1-2):17-21. doi: 10.2298/sarh1302017g.
Ohnishi T, Suwa M, Oyama T, Arakaki N, Torii M, Daikuhara Y. Prostaglandin E2 predominantly induces production of hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor in human dental pulp in acute inflammation. J Dent Res. 2000 Feb;79(2):748-55. doi: 10.1177/00220345000790020801.
Lin SK, Wang CC, Huang S, Lee JJ, Chiang CP, Lan WH, et al. Induction of dental pulp fibroblast matrix metalloproteinase-1 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 gene expression by interleukin-1alpha and tumor necrosis factor-alpha through a prostaglandin-dependent pathway. J Endod. 2001 Mar;27(3):185-9. doi: 10.1097/00004770-200103000-00012.
Lee YY, Yang SF, Ho WH, Lee YH, Hung SL. Eugenol modulates cyclooxygenase-2 expression through the activation of nuclear factor kappa B in human osteoblasts. J Endod. 2007 Oct;33(10):1177-82. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2007.05.011.
Chang MC, Lin LD, Chan CP, Chang HH, Chen LI, Lin HJ, et al. The effect of BisGMA on cyclooxygenase-2 expression, PGE2 production and cytotoxicity via reactive oxygen species- and MEK/ERK-dependent and -independent pathways. Biomaterials. 2009 Sep;30(25):4070-7. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.04.034.
Chang HH, Chang MC, Huang GF, Wang YL, Chan CP, Wang TM, et al. Effect of triethylene glycol dimethacrylate on the cytotoxicity, cyclooxygenase-2 expression and prostanoids production in human dental pulp cells. Int Endod J. 2012 Sep;45(9):848-58. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2012.02042.x.
Huang FM, Chang YC. Induction of cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA and protein expression by dentin bonding agents in human gingival fibroblasts. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2004 Aug;70(2):297-302. doi: 10.1002/jbm.b.30045.
Nakamura K, Deyama Y, Yoshimura Y, Hashimoto M, Kaga M, Suzuki K, Yawaka Y. Tannin-fluoride preparation attenuates prostaglandin E2 production by dental pulp cells. Mol Med Rep. 2011 Jul-Aug;4(4):641-4. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2011.476.
Khedmat S, Seyedabadi M, Ghahremani MH, Ostad SN. Cyclooxygenase 2 plays a role in Emdogain-induced proliferation. J Periodontal Res. 2011 Feb;46(1):67-73. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2010.01313.x.
Mestre JR, Subbaramaiah K, Sacks PG, Schantz SP, Tanabe T, Inoue H, et al. Retinoids suppress epidermal growth factor-induced transcription of cyclooxygenase-2 in human oral squamous carcinoma cells. Cancer Res. 1997 Jul 15;57(14):2890-5.
Chidiac JJ, Hawwa N, Baliki M, Safieh-Garabedian B, Rifai K, Jabbur SJ, et al. A perfusion technique for the determination of pro-inflammatory mediators induced by intradental application of irritants. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods. 2001 Nov-Dec;46(3):125-30. doi: 10.1016/s1056-8719(02)00164-8.
Chiang CY, Chen YT, Hung FM, Tu HP, Fu MM, Fu E. Cyclosporin-A inhibits the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in gingiva. J Periodontal Res. 2007 Oct;42(5):443-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2006.00967.x.
Hargreaves K, Abbott PV. Drugs for pain management in dentistry. Aust Dent J. 2005 Dec;50(4 Suppl 2):S14-22. doi: 10.1111/j.1834-7819.2005.tb00378.x.
Sindet-Pedersen S, Petersen JK, Götzsche PC. Incidence of pain conditions in dental practice in a Danish county. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1985 Aug;13(4):244-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0528.1985.tb01914.x.
Lacerda JT, Simionato EM, Peres KG, Peres MA, Traebert J, Marcenes W. [Dental pain as the reason for visiting a dentist in a Brazilian adult population]. Rev Saude Publica. 2004 Jun;38(3):453-8. Portuguese. doi: 10.1590/s0034-89102004000300017.
Cohen LA, Bonito AJ, Akin DR, Manski RJ, Macek MD, Edwards RR, et al. Toothache pain: a comparison of visits to physicians, emergency departments and dentists. J Am Dent Assoc. 2008 Sep;139(9):1205-16. doi: 10.14219/jada.archive.2008.0336.
Horst OV, Cunha-Cruz J, Zhou L, Manning W, Mancl L, DeRouen TA. Prevalence of pain in the orofacial regions in patients visiting general dentists in the Northwest Practice-based REsearch Collaborative in Evidence-based DENTistry research network. J Am Dent Assoc. 2015 Oct;146(10):721-8.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.adaj.2015.04.001. Erratum in: J Am Dent Assoc. 2015 Dec;146(12):874.
Rambabu T, Koneru S. Reasons for use and nonuse of dental services among people visiting a dental hospital in urban India: A descriptive study. J Educ Health Promot. 2018 Aug 2;7:99. doi: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_193_17.
Pergolizzi JV, Magnusson P, LeQuang JA, Gharibo C, Varrassi G. The pharmacological management of dental pain. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2020 Apr;21(5):591-601. doi: 10.1080/14656566.2020.1718651.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2024 Sara Delgadillo Barrera, Lilia Jadith Bernal Cepeda, Jaime Eduardo Castellanos Parras