Resumo
Neste trabalho, elaborado como introdução às contribuições da força-tarefa sobre Políticas Industriais e Desenvolvimento, Iniciativa para o Diálogo sobre Políticas (Columbia University, Nova York), discutimos o papel das instituições e políticas no processo de desenvolvimento. Iniciamos argumentando sobre o quanto a terminologia das “falhas de mercado” pode ser enganosa para avaliar a necessidade de políticas públicas por fazer essa avaliação com base num padrão de medida que é raramente observado em qualquer mercado. Muito mais próximos da evidência empírica, nós argumentamos que mesmo quando o mercado prevalece como forma de governança de interações econômicas, estas se encontram entranhadas numa rica malha de instituições não-mercado. Isto se aplica de modo geral e particularmente à produção e uso de informação e conhecimento tecnológico. Neste trabalho nos baseamos nesse entranhamento institucional fundamental de processos de aprendizado tecnológico, tanto em países desenvolvidos quanto em países que buscam alcançar a fronteira tecnológica (catching-up), e tentamos identificar alguns ingredientes robustos de políticas que têm historicamente acompanhado a co-evolução de capacitações tecnológicas, formas de organização das empresas, e mecanismos de incentivos. Todas as experiências bem-sucedidas de catching-up e, às vezes, superação dos líderes econômicos prevalecentes – a começar pelos Estados Unidos em relação à Grã-Bretanha – envolveram “construção institucional” e medidas de políticas que afetam a imitação tecnológica, a organização de indústrias, padrões de comércio internacional, e direitos de propriedade intelectual. Argumentamos que isto certamente se aplica hoje também, mesmo no contexto de uma economia mundial “globalizada”.Referências
Aghion, P.; Durlauf, S. (orgs.), Handbook of Economic Growth, Amsterdam: Elsevier, no prelo, 2005.
Aghion, P.; Howitt, P., “Appropriate Growth Policy: A Unifying Framework”, in The 2005 Joseph Schumpeter Lecture, Amsterdam: European Economic Association Congress, ago., 2005.
Amsden, A., Asia is Next Giant, Cornell University Press, 1989.
Amsden, A., The Rise of the Rest. Challenges to the West from Late-Industrializing Economies, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
Antonelli, C., The Economics of Localized Technological Change and Industrial Dynamics, Boston: Kluwer Publishers, 1995.
Arrow, K., “Economic Welfare and the Allocation of Resources for Invention”, in Nelson, R.R. (org.), The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1962.
Arthur, W.B., Increasing Returns and Path Dependence in the Economy, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994.
Atkinson, A.; Stiglitz, J., “A new view of technological change”, Economic Journal v.79, p.573-578, 1969.
Castaldi, C.; Cimoli, M.; Correa, N.; Dosi, G., Technological Learning, Policy Regimes and Growth in a “Globalized” Economy: General Patterns and the Latin American Experience, Pisa: Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies, LEM Working Paper 2004/01, 2004.
Castaldi, C.; Dosi, G., “The Grip of History and the Scope for Novelty: Some results and Open Questions on Path Dependence in Economic Processes”, in Wimmer, A.; Kössler, R. (orgs.), Understanding Change, p.99-128, Palgrave MacMillan, 2006.
Cimoli, M., “Technological gaps and institutional asymmetries in a North-South model with a continuum of goods”, Metroeconomica, v.39, p.245-274, 1988.
Cimoli, M.; Dosi, G., “Technological Paradigms, Patterns of Learning and Development. An Introductory Roadmap”, Journal of Evolutionary Economics, v.5, p.243-268, 1995.
Cimoli, M.; Correa, N. (2002), “Trade openness and technological gaps in Latin America: a ‘lowgrowth’ trap”, in Ocampo, J.A., 2005.
David, P.A., Path Dependence: Putting the Past into the Future of Economics, Stanford University, Institute for Mathematical Studies in the Social Science, Technical Report 533, 1988.
Dosi, G., Technical Change and Industrial Transformation. Londres: Macmillan e Nova York: St. Martin Press, 1984.
Dosi, G., “Institutions and Markets in a Dynamic World”, The Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies, v.56, p.119-146, 1988.
Dosi, G., “Sources, procedures and microeconomic effects of innovation”, Journal of Economic Literature, v.26, n.3, p.1.120-1.171, 1988a.
Dosi, G.; Pavitt, K.; Soete, L., The Economics of Technical Change and International Trade, Londres: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1990.
Dosi, G.; Freeman, C.; Fabiani, S., “The Process of Economic Development. Introducing some stylized Facts and Theories on Technologies, Firms and Institutions”, Industrial and Corporate Change, v.3, p.1-45, 1994.
Freeman, C., The Economics of Industrial Innovation. Londres: Francis Pinter, 2a ed., 1982.
Freeman, C., “Technological infrastructures and international competitiveness”, Industrial and Corporate Change, p.541-569, 2004.
Gerschenkron, A., Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1962.
Greenwald, B.; Stiglitz, J., “Externalities in Economics with Imperfect Information and Incomplete Markets”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, v.101, p.229-264, 1986.
Hamilton, A., (1791), “Report on the Subject of Manufactures”, in Syrett, H.C. et al., The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, vol.X, Nova York: Columbia University Press, 1966.
Hausmann, R.; Hwang, J.; Rodrick, D., What You Export Matters, CID Working Paper No. 123, Center for International Development at Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 2005.
Hirschman, A.O., The Strategy of Economic Development, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1958.
Hirschman, A.O., “Rival Interpretations of Market Society: Civilizing, Destructive, or Feeble?”, Journal of Economic Literature, v.20, p.1.463-1.484, 1982.
Hoff, K., “Market Failures and the Distribution of Wealth: A Perspective from the Economics of Information”, Politics and Society, v.24, p.411-432, 1996.
Hoff, K.; Stiglitz, J., “Modern Economic Theory and Development”, in Meier e Stiglitz (2001).
Lall, S., Selective Industrial and Trade Policies in Developing Countries: Theoretical and Empirical Issues, QEH Working Paper Series, 48, 2000.
Landes, D., The Unbound Prometheus, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969.
List, F., (1841), The National System of Political Economy, trad. Lloyd, S.S., Londres: Longmans, Green and Co.; a primeira tradução inglesa é de 1885.
Khan, M.H., “Rents, Efficiency and Growth”, in M.H. Khan e J.K. Sundaram (orgs.), Rents, Rent-Seeking and Economic Development: Theory and Evidence in Asia, Cambridge University Press, 2000.
Khan, M.H. (2000), “Rent-seeking as Process”, in Khan (2000).
Kim, L.,“National System of Industrial Innovation: Dynamics of Capability Building in Korea”, in Nelson, R.R. (org.), National Innovation Systems: A Comparative Analysis, Nova York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
Kim, L.; Nelson, R.R., Technology, Learning, and Innovation: Experiences of Newly Industrializing Economies, Cambridge University Press, 2000.
Krugman, P.R., The Self-Organizing Economy, Cambridge, MA, e Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1996.
Mazzoleni, R.; Nelson, R.R., “The Role of Research at Universities and Public Labs in Economic Catch-up”, Nova York, Columbia University, Initiative for Policy Dialogue, Working Paper, 2005.
Meier, G.M.;. Stiglitz, J. (orgs.), Frontiers of Development Economics. Oxford, Nova York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
Mowery, D.C.; Nelson, R.R., Sources of Industrial Leadership: Studies of Seven Industries, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
Murphy, K.M.; Shleifer, A.; Vishny, R.W., “Industrialization and the Big Push”, Journal of Political Economy, v.97, p.1.003-1.026, 1989.
Nelson, R.R., “The Simple Economics of Basic Scientific Research”, Journal of Political Economy, v.67, p.297-306, 1959.
Nelson, R.R. (org.), Government and Technical Progress, Nova York: Pergamon Press, 1982.
Nelson, R.R., “The co-evolution of technology, industrial structure and supporting institutions”, Industrial and Corporate Change, v.3, p.47-64, 1994.
Nelson, R.R.; Sampat, B., “Making sense of institutions as a factor shaping economic performance”, Journal of Economic Behavior Organization, v.44, p.31-54, 2001.
Nelson, R.R., “Economic Development from the Perspective of the Evolutionary Theory”, Mimeo, Columbia University, Nova York, 2004.
Nelson, R.R. (org.), The Limits of Market Organization, Nova York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2005.
Nurske, R., Problems of Capital Formation in Underdeveloped Countries, Nova York: Oxford University Press, 1953.
Ocampo, J.A. (org.), Beyond Reforms, Structural Dynamics and Macroeconomic Vulnerability, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2005.
Ocampo, J.A., “The Quest for Dynamic Efficiency: Structural Dynamics and Economic growth in Developing Countries”, in Ocampo, 2005.
Perez, W.; Di Maio, M., “Industrial polices in Latin America in the last fifteen years: the political economy of consensus building around specific policy schemes”, Nova York, Columbia University, Initiative for Policy Dialogue, Working Paper, no prelo.
Polányi, K., The Great Transformation. Boston: Beacon Press, 1957.
Reinert, E.S., “How Rich Nations got Rich”, Essays in the History of Economic Policy. Working paper Nr. 1, 2004, SUM – Centre for Development and the Environment, University of Oslo.
Rodrik, D., “Trade and Industrial Policy Reform”, in Behrman, J.; Srinivasan, T.N. (eds.), Handbook of Development Economics, Vol. III, p.2.925-2.982. Amsterdam: North Holland, 1995.
Rodrik, D., (org.), in Search of Prosperity: Analytic Narratives on Economic Growth, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003.
Rodrik, D., “Growth Strategies”, in Aghion, P.; Durlauf, S. (2005).
Rosenberg, N., Perspective on Technology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976.
Rosenberg, N., Inside the Blackbox, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982.
Rosenstein-Rodan, P., “Problems of Industrialization of Eastern and Southeastern Europe”, Economic Journal, v.53, p.210-211, 1943.
Stiglitz, J., Whither Socialism?, Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 1994.
Stiglitz, J., “Some Lesson from the East Asian Miracle”, World Bank Research Observer, v.11, p.151-177, 1996.
Stiglitz, J., “More Instruments and Broader Goals Moving toward the Post-Washington Consensus”, in Chang, H. (org.), The Rebel Within, p.17-56, Londres: Wimbledon Publishing Company, 2001. – Originally presented as the 1998 WIDER Annual Lecture, Helsinki, jan., 1998.
Veblen, T., Imperial Germany and Industrial Revolution, Londres: Macmillan, 1915.
Wade, R., Governing the Market: Economic Theory and the Role of Government in East Asian Industrialization, Princeton University Press, 1990.
O conteúdo dos artigos e resenhas publicados na RBI são de absoluta e exclusiva responsabilidade de seus autores.
Downloads
