Resumo
O artigo foca na incorporação de conhecimento conduzida pela grande empresa farmacêutica via aquisição de pequenas empresas. Como objetivo o trabalho se propõe a identificar em que grau a incorporação do conhecimento é conduzida por 8 grandes empresas farmacêuticas. Para isso se utiliza de uma metodologia qualitativa, com base em uma amostra de 8 empresas e das 54 pequenas empresas adquiridas por elas, no período de 2005 a 2012. A partir da amostra foram compiladas as patentes concedidas às pequenas empresas junto ao USPTO. A análise desenvolve duas medidas centrais. A primeira é o uso de inventores definido como os inventores das pequenas, que ao serem incorporados passam a patentear pela grande empresa. A outra é a incorporação de trajetórias de pesquisa, entendida como os inventores que citam seu trabalho passado à medida que são incorporados à grande empresa. Conclui-se que incorporação de inventores é uma estratégia relevante entre as grandes empresas analisadas sendo usada como uma maneira de se incorporar bases de conhecimento de empresas adquiridas. Mesmo sendo relevante, apenas uma pequena parcela de inventores foi incorporada, isso mostra que apenas um pequeno grupo de pessoas conduz processos inovativos de interesse às empresas. Por fim, a contribuição do artigo foi evidenciar de forma contundente a incorporação de conhecimento por meio de categorias próprias sendo elas: o uso de inventores e a incorporação de trajetória de pesquisa.
.
Referências
AHUJA, G.; KATILA, R. Technological Acquisition and the Innovation Performance of Acquiring Firms: A Longitudinal Study. Strategic Management Journal, v. 22, n. 3, p. 197-220, 2001.
ALMEIDA, P.; HOHBERGER, J.; PARADA, P. Individual scientific collaborations and firm-level innovation. Industrial and Corporate Change, v. 20, n. 6, p. 1571-1599, 2011.
AMIN, A.; COHENDET P. Architectures of knowledge: Firms, capabilities, and communities. Oxford University Press, 2004.AMZEL, M. Structure-based Drug Design. Current opinion on Biotechnology. 9, 366-369, 1998.
ANCORI, B.; BURETH, A.; COHENDET, P. The Economics of Knowledge: The Debate between Codified and Tacit Knowledge. Industrial and Corporate Change, v. 9, n.1, p. 255-287, 2000
ANDERSSEN, M.; XIAO, J. Acquisitions of start-ups by incumbent businesses: A market selection process of “high-quality” entrants? Research Policy, v. 45, n. 1, p. 272-290, 2016.
ASHEIM, B.; COENEN, L. Knowledge bases and regional innovation systems: Comparing Nordic clusters. Research Policy, v. 34, n. 8, p. 1173-1190, 2005.
ASHEIM, B.; COENEN, L.; MOODYSSON, J.; VANG, J. Constructing knowledgebased regional advantage: implications for regional innovation policy. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, v. 7, n. 2-5, p. 140-155, 2007.
ASHEIM, B.; GERTLER, M. The geography of innovation: regional innovation systems. FAGERBERG, J; MOWERY,D; NELSON, R. The Oxford handbook of innovation, Oxford University Press, 2005.
ASHEIM, B.; HANSEN, H. Knowledge bases, talents, and contexts: On the usefulness of the creative class approach in Sweden. Economic geography, v. 85, n. 4, p. 425-442, 2009.
BAUMOL, W.J. Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Growth: The David-Goliath Symbiosis. The Journal of Entreprenurial Finance, v. 7, n. 2, p. 1-11, 2002.
BLOMKVIST, K.; KAPPEN, P.; ZANDER, I. Superstar inventors - Towards a people-centric perspective on the geography of technological renewal in the multinational corporation. Research Policy, v. 43, n. 4, p. 669-682, 2014.
BROWN, J.; DUGUID, P. Knowledge and organization: A social-practice perspective. Organization science, v. 12, n. 2, p. 198-213, 2001.
CASSIMAN, B.; VEUGELERS, R. In Search of Complementarity in Innovation Strategy: Internal R&D and External Knowledge Acquisition. Management Science, vol. 52, n. 1, pp. 68-82, 2006
CASSIMAN, B.; VEUGELERS, R. Are external technology sourcing strategies substitutes or complements?: The case of embodied versus disembodied technology acquisition. IO: Empirical Studies of Firms & Markets, v. 3, n. 672, p. 1-22, 2007.
CAVUSGIL, S.T.; CALANTONE, R.; ZHAO, Y. Tacit knowledge transfer and firm innovation capability. Journal of business & industrial marketing, v. 18, n. 1, p. 6-21, 2003.
CHAKRABARTI, A., HAUSCHILDT, J., SUVERKRUP, C. Does it pay to acquire technological firms? R&D Management, 24, pg. 47-56, 1994
CLOODT, M.; HAGEDOORN, J.; VAN KRANENBURG, H. Mergers and acquisitions: Their effect on the innovative performance of companies in high-tech industries. Research Policy, v. 35, n. 5, p. 642-654, 2006.
COHEN W. M., LEVINTHAL, D., A. Absorptive capacity: a new perspective on learning and Innovation. Administrative Quarterly, 35, 1, 1990.
COLOMBO, M.G.; GRILLI, L. Founders’ human capital and the growth of new technologybased firms: A competence-based view. Research Policy, v. 34, n. 6, p. 795-816, 2005.
COLOMBO, M.G.; PIVA, E. Firms’ genetic characteristics and competence-enlarging strategies: A comparison between academic and non-academic high-tech start-ups. Research Policy, v. 41, n. 1, p. 79-92, 2012.
COMANOR, W.; SCHERER, F. Mergers and innovation in the pharmaceutical industry. Journal of health economics, v. 32, n. 1, p. 106-113, 2013.
COWAN, R.; FORAY, D. The economics of codification and the diffusion of knowledge. Industrial and Corporate Change, v. 6, n. 3, p. 595-622, 1997.
CULLEN, C.; DIBNER, M.. Strategic Alliances in biotechnology: Imperatives for the 1990’s. Biotechnology Review 1, pg.110-119, 1993.
DE MATOS, M.M. Changes in Innovation Dynamics of the Pharmaceutical Industry: A Study of the Interaction between Large pharmaceutical Companies and the Acquired Small Biotechnology Enterprises. Tese (Doutorado) – Unicamp, Campinas, 2016.
DE MATOS, M.M.; AVELLAR, A.P. Technical and Skill Knowledge Incorporated by Big-Pharma in Acquisitions of Small Enterprises. In: ASSOCIAÇÃO NACIONAL DOS CENTROS DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ECONOMIA, 47., 2019, São Paulo. São Paulo, ANPEC, 2019.
DESYLLAS, P.; HUGHES, A. Sourcing technological knowledge through corporate acquisition: Evidence from an international sample of high technology firms. Journal of High Technology Management Research, v. 18, n. 2, p. 157-172, 2007.
DESYLLAS, P.; HUGHES, A. Do high technology acquirers become more innovative? Research Policy, v. 39, n. 8, p. 1105-1121, 2010.
GAMBARDELLA, A. Science and innovation: The US pharmaceutical industry during the 1980s. Cambridge University Press, 1995.
GASSMAN, O.; REEPMEYER, G.; VON ZEDTWITZ, M. Leading Pharmaceutical Innovation: Trends and Drivers for growth in the Pharmaceutical Industry, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2005.
GERPOTT, T. Successful integration of R&D functions after acquisitions: an exploratory empirical study. R&D Management, v.25,n.2, p. 161-178, 1995.
GLEADLE, P.; PARRIS, S.; SHIPMAN, A.; SIMONETTI, P. Restructuring and innovation in pharmaceuticals and biotechs: The impact of financialisation. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, v. 25, n. 1, p. 67-77, 2014.
GRANSTRAND, O. Corporate Innovation Systems – A Comparative Study of MultiTechnology Corporations in Japan, Sweden and the USA. Sweden: Chalmers University of Technology Industrial Management and Economics, 2000. p. 1-112.
GRANSTRAND, O.; BOHLIN, E.; OSKARSSON, C.; SJÖBERG, N. External technology acquisition in large multi-technology corporations. R&D Management, v. 22, n. 2, p. 111- 134, 1992.
GRANSTRAND, O.; SJÖLANDER, S. The Acquisitions of Technology and Small Firms by Large Firms. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, v. 13, n. 3, p. 367-386, 1990.
GRIGORIOU, K.; ROTHAERMEL, F. T. Structural Microfoundations of Innovation: The Role of Relational Stars. Journal of Management, v. 40, n. 2, p. 586-615, 2014.
GRILICHES, Z. Issues in assessing the contribution of research and development to productivity growth.The bell journal of economics, p. 92-116, 1979.
GRILICHES, Z; PAKES, A; HALL, B.The value of patents as indicators of inventive activity. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1986.
GRILLITSCH, M.; SCHUBERT, T.; SRHOLEC, M. Knowledge base combinations and firm growth. Research Policy, v. 48, n.1, p. 234-247, 2019.
HAGEDOORN, J.; DUYSTERS, G. The Effect of Mergers and Acquisitions on the Technological Performance of Companies in a High-tech Environment. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, v. 14, n. 1, p. 67-85, 2002a.
HAGEDOORN, J.; DUYSTERS, G. External sources of innovative capabilities: The preference for strategic alliances or mergers and acquisitions. Journal of Management Studies, v. 39, n. 2, p. 167-188, 2002b.
HALL, B.H.; JAFFE, A.B.; TRAJTENBERG, M. The NBER Patent Citations Data File: Lessons, Insights and Methodological Tools. Cambridge, MA, National Bureau of Economic Research, 2001. (NBER Working paper, 8498).
HALL, B. H.; JAFFE, A.B.; TRAJTENBERG, M. Market Value and Patent Citations. The RAND Journal of Economics, v. 36, n. 1, p. 16-38, 2005.
HESS, A.; ROTHAERMEL, F. When are assets complementary? Star scientists, strategic alliances, and innovation in the pharmaceutical industry. Strategic Management Journal, v. 32, n. 8, p. 895-909, 2011.
HIGGINS, M.; RODRIGUEZ, D. The outsourcing of R&D through acquisitions in the pharmaceutical industry. Journal of Financial Economics, n. 80, pp351-383, 2006.
HOHBERGER, J. Does it pay to stand on the shoulders of giants? An analysis of the inventions of star inventors in the biotechnology sector. Research Policy, v. 45, n. 3, p. 682-698, 2016.
HOHBERGER, J.; ALMEIDA, P.; PARADA, P. The direction of firm innovation: The contrasting roles of strategic alliances and individual scientific collaborations. Research Policy, v. 44, n. 8, p. 1473-1487, 2015.
HOPKINS, M.; MARTIN, M.; NIGHTINGALE, P.; KRAFT, A.; MADHI, S. The myth of the biotech revolution: An assessment of technological, clinical and organisational change. Research policy, v. 36, n. 4, p. 566-589, 2007.
HOPKINS, M.; MARTIN, P.; NIGHTINGALE, P.; KRAFT, A. Living with Dinosaurs: Genomics, and the industrial dynamics of the pharmaceutical industry. Copenhagen, 2008. (Paper to be presented at the 25th Celebration Conference 2008 on Entrepreneurship and Innovation - Organizations, Institutions, Systems and Regions Copenhagen, CBS, Denmark, June 17 - 20, 2008).
HOPKINS, M., NIGHTINGALE, P., TINOCO, R., BADEN-FULLER, C. Servant Firms in Drug discovery: A Neglected Project Based Organizational Form. Social Science Research Network, march, 2012, available at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2027537
HOPKINS, M.; CRANE, A.; NIGHTINGALE, P.; BADEN-FULER, C. Buying big into biotech: scale, financing and the industrial dynamics of UK biotech, 1980-2009. Industrial and Corporate Change, v. 22, n. 4, pp. 903-952, 2013.
HUSSINGER, K. On the importance of technological relatedness: SMEs versus Large acquisitions targets. Technovation, 30, pg. 57-64, 2010
JOHNSON, B.; LORENZ, E.; LUNDVALL, B. Why all this fuss about codified and tacit knowledge? Industrial and Corporate Change, v. 11, n. 2, p. 245-262, 2002.
LANGE, S.; WAGNER, M. The Influence of Exploratory versus Exploitative Acquisitions on Innovation Output in the Biotechnology Industry. Small Business Economics, p 1-22, 2019.
LIGHT, D.; LEXCHIN, J.;. Pharmaceutical research and development: what do we get for all that money?. British Medical Journal, v. 345, p. 1-5, 2012.
MACARRON, R.; BANKS M.; BOJANIC, D.; BURNS, D.; CIROVIC, D.; GARYANTES, T.; GREEN, D.; HERTZBERG, R.; JANZEN, W.; PASLAY, J.; SCHOPFER, U.; SITTAMPALAM, G. Impact of high-throughput screening in biomedical research.Nature reviews Drug discovery, v. 10, n. 3, p. 188-195, 2011.
MAKRI, M.; HITT, A.; LANE, P. Complementary Technologies, Knowledge Relatedness and Invention Outcomes in High Technology Mergers and Acquisitions. Strategic Management Journal, 31, pp. 602-628, 2010.
MALERBA, F., ORSENIGO, L. The evolution of the pharmaceutical industry. Business History, 57:5, 664-687, 2015
MARTIN, P.; NIGHTINGALE, P.; KRAFT, A. Living with “Dinosaurs”: Genomics, and the industrial dynamics of the pharmaceutical industry. Science, n. 3, p. 0-24, 2008.
MOWERY, D.; ROSENBERG, N. Technology and the Pursuit oF Economic Growth. Cambridge University Press, New York, 1989.
MOKYR, J. The lever of riches: Technological creativity and economic progress. Oxford University Press, 1992.
MOKYR, J. The Gifts of Athena: Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 2002.
MUNOS, B. Lessons form 60 years of pharmaceutical innovation. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 8, pp. 959-968, 2009.
NELSON, R.; WINTER, S. An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change. Harvard University Press, 1982
NIGHTINGALE, Paul. A cognitive model of innovation.Research policy, v. 27, n. 7, p. 689-709, 1998.
NIGHTINGALE, P. Economies of scale in experimentation: knowledge and technology in pharmaceutical R&D. Industrial & Corporate Change, v. 9, n. 2, p. 315-359, 2000.
NIGHTINGALE, P.; MADHI, S. The evolution of pharmaceutical innovation. MAZZUCATO, M.; DOSI, G. (eds) Knowledge Accumulation and Industry Evolution, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2006.
NONAKA, I.; TAKEUSHI, H. The Knowledge-Creating Company: How Japanese Companies Create the Dynamic of Innovation. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
NORBÄCK, P.; PERSSON, L. Born to be global and the globalization process. Research Institute of Industrial Economics and CEPR, 2013.
OETTL, A. Reconceptualizing stars: Scientist helpfulness and peer performance. Management Science, v. 58, n. 6, p. 1122-1140, 2012.
PAKES, A.; GRILICHES, Z. Patents and R&D at the firm level: A first report. Economics letters, v. 5, n. 4, p. 377-381, 1980.
PAUL, S.; MYTELKA, D.; DUNWIDDIE, C.; PERSINGER, C.; MUNOS, B.; LINBORG, S.; SCHACHT, A. How to improve R&D productivity: the pharmaceutical industry’s grand challenge. Nature Reviews Drug Discover, vol. 9, 2010.
PAVITT, K. Technologies, products and organization in the innovating firm: what Adam Smith tells us and Joseph Schumpeter doesn’t. Industrial and Corporate Change, v. 7, n. 3, p. 433-452, 1998.
PEREIRA, D. ; WILLIAMS, J. Origin and evolution of high throughput screening. British journal of pharmacology, v. 152, n. 1, p. 53-61, 2007.
POWELL, W.W.; KOPUT, K.W.; SMITH-DOERR, L. Interorganizational collaboration and the locus of innovation: networks of learning in biotechnology. Administrative Science Quarterly, v. 41, n. 1, p. 116-145, 1996.
POWELL, W.; KOPUT,K.; WHITE, D.; OWEN-SMITH, J.; Network Dynamics and Field Evolution : The Growth of Interorganizational Collaboration in the Life Sciences 1. American Journal of Sociology, v. 110, n. 4, p. 1132-1205, 2005.
POWELL, W.; SNELLMAN, K.;. The knowledge economy. Annual Review of Sociology, v. 30, p. 199-220, 2004.
SCHWEIZER, L. Organizational integration of acquired biotechnology companies into pharmaceutical companies: The need for a hybrid approach. Academy of Management Journal, v. 48, n. 6, p. 1051-1074, 2005.
SHARP, M. The science of nations: European multinationals and American biotechnology. International Journal of Biotechnology, v. 1, n. 1, p. 132-162, 1999.
SZÜCS, F. M&A and R&D: asymmetric effects on acquirers and targets? Research Policy, 43, pg. 1264-1273, 2014.
VON HIPPEL, E. “Sticky information” and the locus of problem solving: implications for innovation.Management science, v. 40, n. 4, p. 429-439, 1994.
VON HIPPEL, E. Economics of product development by users: The impact of “sticky” local information. Management science, v. 44, n. 5, p. 629-644, 1998.
XIAO, J. The effects of acquisition on the growth of new technology-based firms: Do different types of acquirers matter? Small Business Economics, v. 45, p. 487-504, 2015.
ZUCKER, L.G.; DARBY, M.R. Present at the biotechnological revolution: transformation of technological identity for a large incumbent pharmaceutical firm. Research Policy, v. 26, n. 4-5, p. 429-446, 1997.
ZUCKER, L.G.; DARBY, M.R. Star Scientists, Innovation and Regional and National Immigration. In: AUDRETSCH, D.B.; E. LITAN, R.E.; STROM, R. (ed.). Entrepreneurship and Openness. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2009. p. 181-212.
ZUCKER, L.G.; DARBY, M.R.; ARMSTRONG, J.S. Commercializing Knowledge: University Science, Knowledge Capture, and Firm Performance in Biotechnology. Cambridge, MA, 2001. (NBER Working Paper Series, 8499).
ZUCKER, L; DARBY, M.; LIU, R. Minerva Unbound: Knowledge Stocks, Knowledge Flows and New Knowledge Production. Research Policy, v.36, n.6, p. 850-863, 2007
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2020 Revista Brasileira de Inovação
Downloads
