Abstract
This essay summarizes the main conclusion of a research project that examined the relationships between science and technology and the public interest in Brazil, in the areas of agriculture, environment, pharmaceutical research and the social sciences – labor and education. The main proposition is that, in developing countries, the main potential partner and user of research-based knowledge is not the private, but the public sector. The partnership between research institutions and public agencies requires new ways of organizing both the research and the science policy institutions, in order to increase their social usefulness and to preserve the freedom and quality standards which are essential in any scientific and technological endeavor.References
Archibugi, D.; Michie, J., Technology, globalization and economic performance. Cambridge England, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
Ashman, K. M.; Baringer, P. S., After the science wars. New York: Routledge, 2000.
Ben-David, J., The scientist’s role in society: a comparative study. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1971.
Bender, T., “Politics, intellect, and the American university, 1945-1995”. In Bender, T.; Schorske, C. E., American academic culture in transformation - fifty years, four disciplines. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, p. 17-54, 1998.
Bonelli, R., Impactos econômicos e sociais de longo prazo da expansão agropecuária no Brasil: revolução invisível e inclusão social. Brasília: Embrapa. Seminário Impactos da mudança tecnológica do setor agropecuário na economia brasileira, 2001.
Botelho, A.; Schwartzman, S., “Growing pains: Brazilian scientists and their shifting roles”. In Gaillard, J.; Krishna, V. V.; Waast, R., Scientific communities in the developing world. New Delhi, Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications, p. 336-353, 1997.
Branscomb, L. M., “United States science and technology policy: issues for the nineties”. In Schwartzman, S.; Bertero, C. O.; Krieger, E. M. et. al. (eds). Science and technology in Brazil: a new policy for a global world, vol. 1, Rio de Janeiro: Editora da Fundação Getúlio Vargas, 1995.
Branscomb, L. M., Auerswald, P. E., Taking technical risks: how innovators, managers, and investors manage risk in high-tech innovations, Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 2001.
Branscomb, L. M.; Keller, J., Investing in innovation – creating a research and innovation policy that works. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1998.
Branscomb, L. M.; Kodama, F., Japanese innovation strategies – technical support for business visions. Cambridge, Mass: Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University, CSIA occasional paper n. 10, 1993.
Brasil. Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia. Silva, C. G.; Melo, L. C. P. (orgs.), Ciência, tecnologia e inovação – desafio para a sociedade brasileira – Livro Verde. Brasília: Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia/Academia Brasileira de Letras, 2001.
Brasil, Ministério do Planejamento. Despesa por programa, exercício de 1995 a 2000. http://www.planejamento.gov.br/orcamento/conteudo/estatistica/quadros/estatistica_1995_2001/dados_serie_historica/despesas_programa/exercicio_1995a2000.htm (acessado em 2001).
Brooks, S.; Gagnon, A. G.; Conway, T. et. al., Social scientists, policy and the state. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1990.
Brunner, J. J.; Sunkel, G., Conocimiento, sociedad y política. Santiago, Chile: Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales (FLACSO), 1993.
Chagas Filho, C. Entrevista de Johana Döbereiner. In Sociedade Brasileira Para o Progresso da Ciência Cientistas do Brasil – vários depoimentos. São Paulo: SBPC, p. 77-85, 1998.
Coelho, E. C., As Profissões Imperiais: Advocacia, Medicina e Engenharia no Rio de Janeiro, 1822-1930. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Record, 1999.
David, P. A., Behind the diffusion curve – theoretical and applied contributions to the microeconomics of technology adoption. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1997.
De La Mothe, J.; Paquet, G., Information, innovation, and impacts. Norwell, Mass: Kluwer Academic. Economics of science, technology, and innovation, 2000.
Dosi, G.; Teece, D. J.; Chytry, J., Technology, organization and competitiveness perspectives on industrial and corporate change. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Douglas, M.; Wildavsky, A. B., Risk and culture an essay on the selection of technical and environmental dangers. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982.
Durand, M.; Giorno, C., “Indicators of international competitiveness: conceptual aspects and evaluation”. OECD Economic Studies, v. 9, n. Autumn, p.147-82, 1987.
The Economist. “A survey of the defence industry”. The Economist, n. June 20, 2002.
Edge, D.; “Reinventing the wheel”. In Jasanoff, S. M. G.; Petersen, J. C.; Pinch, T., Handbook of science and technology studies. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications, 3-24, 1995.
Elzinga, A.; Jamison, A., “Changing policy agendas in science and technology”, ch. 25. In Jasanoff, S. M. G. E.; Petersen, J. C.; Pinch, T., Handbook of science and technology studies. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications, p. 572-597, 1995.
Fuller, S.; “Is there life for sociological theory after the sociology of Sociology?”, The Journal of the British Sociological Association, v. 29, n.1 (Feb), p.159, 1995.
Gibbons, M.; Trow, M.; Scott, P. et. al. The new production of knowledge – the dynamics of science and research in contemporary societies. London, Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications, 1994.
Godin, B. E Gingras, Y., “The place of universities in the system of knowledge production.” Research Policy, v. 29, n.2, p. 273-78. 2000.
Graham, H. D.; Diamond, N., The rise of American research universities: elites and challenges in the postwar era. Johns Hokpins University Press, 1997.
Graham, L. R., What have we learned about science and technology from the Russian experience? Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 1998.
Hilgartner, S., “The Human Genome Project”. In Jasanoff, S. M. G. E.; Petersen, J. C. e Pinch, T., Handbook of science and technology studies. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications, p. 302-315, 1995.
Joravsky, D., The Lysenko affair, Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, Russian Research Center studies 61, 1970.
Krieger, E.; Galembeck, F., “A capacitação brasileira para a pesquisa”. In Schwartzman, S.; Bertero, C. O.; Krieger, E. M. et. al. (eds). Ciência e tecnologia no Brasil (vol. 3): A capacitação brasileira para a pesquisa científica e tecnológica. Rio de Janeiro: Editora da Fundação Getúlio Vargas,1-18, 1996.
Landi, F. R. (ed.), Vigor e inovação na pesquisa brasileira – resultados de projetos temáticos em São Paulo. São Paulo: FAPESP, 1998.
Latour, B. We have never been modern. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1993.
Mariani, M. C., “Educação e Ciências Sociais: O Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas Educacionais”. In Schwartzman, S. (org.), Universidades e instituições científicas no Rio de Janeiro. Brasília: CNPq, Coordenação Editorial, p. 167-195, 1982.
Mcmillan G.S.; Narin F. ; Deeds D.L., “An analysis of the critical role of public science in innovation: the case of biotechnology”. Research Policy, v. 29, n.1, p. 1-8. 2000.
Menand, L., “College: the end of the golden age”. The New York Review of Books, n. October 18, p. 44-47. 2001.
Merton, R. K., The sociology of science – theoretical and empirical investigations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973.
Mowery, D. C.; Rosenberg, N., Paths of innovation technological change in 20th century America. Cambridge, UK, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Needham, J., Science and society in ancient China. London: Watts, Conway memorial lecture, 1947.
Niosi, J.; Saviotti, P.; Bellon, B. et. al., “National systems of innovation: in search of a workable concept”. Technology in Society, v. 15, p. 207-27, 1993.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Policy evaluation in innovation and technology: towards best practices. Paris, Washington: OECD, OECD proceedings, 1997.
Perez, J. F.; “Pesquisa e ousadia”. Folha de São Paulo, Caderno Tendência/Debates. 2000.
Sadlak, J.; Altbach, P. G., Higher education research at the turn of the new century structures, issues, and trends. Paris, New York: UNESCO. Garland Publications, 1997.
Salles Filho, S. (coord.). Ciência, tecnologia e inovação – A reorganização da pesquisa pública no Brasil. Campinas: Editora Komedi, 2000.
Schwartzman, S., “Ciência, tecnologia, tecnocracia e democracia”. In Schwartzman, S., Ciência, universidade e ideologia: a política do conhecimento. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar Editores, cap. 1, 1981a.
Schwartzman, S., “Modelos de atividade científica”. In Schwartzman, S.; Carvalho, A. P. D.; Leite, R. C. et. al., Administração da atividade científica. Brasília: FINEP/CNPq, p. 9-18, 1981b.
Schwartzman, S., “Desempenho das unidades de pesquisa: ponto para as universidades”. Revista Brasileira de Tecnologia, v. 16, n.2, p.54-60, 1985.
Schwartzman, S., “Brazil: Scientists and the State – Evolving Models and the ‘Great Leap Forward’”. In Solingen, E. Scientists and the state domestic structures and the international context. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, p. 171-188, 1994a.
Schwartzman, S., “Os Institutos de pesquisa do Governo Federal”,1994b. http://www.airbrasil.org.br/simon/inpesq.htm
Schwartzman, S., “A Força do novo”. In Schwartzman, S., A redescoberta da cultura. São Paulo: Edusp – FAPESP, 1997.
Schwartzman, S., Um espaço para a ciência: a formaçao da comunidade científica no Brasil. Brasília: Ministério de Ciência e Tecnologia, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimiento Científico e Tecnológico, Centro de Estudos Estratégicos, 2001.
Schwartzman, S., Balbachevsky, E., The academic profession in Brazil. In Altbach, P. G. (ed.). The international academic profession portraits of fourteen countries. Princeton, N.J: Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, p. 231-280, 1996.
Schwartzman, S., Bertero, C. O.; Krieger, E. M. et. al. (eds.). Ciência e tecnologia no Brasil: uma nova política para um mundo global. Vol 2:. política industrial, mercado de trabalho e instituições de apoio. Rio de Janeiro: Editora da Fundação Getulio Vargas, 1995.
Segerstråle, U. C. O., Beyond the science wars the missing discourse about science and society. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2000. SUNY series in science, technology, and society.
Sokal, A. D.; Bricmont, J., Impostures intellectuelles. Paris: O. Jacob, 1997.
Stepan, N., Gênese e evolução da ciência brasileira: Oswaldo Cruz e a política de investigação científica e médica. Rio de Janeiro: Artenova, 1976.
Teichler, U.; Sadlak, J., Higher education research its relationship to policy and practice. Oxford: Pergamon Press, International Association of Universities, Issues in higher education, 2000.
Todeschini, R. (Representante da CUT no CODEFAT), “O FAT e o CODEFAT nas Políticas Públicas de Emprego e Renda no Brasil”, Internet, 2002.
Vessuri, H. M. C., La academia va al mercado relaciones de científicos académicos con clientes externos. Caracas: Fondo Editorial FINTEC. Distribuido por Monte Avila Editores Latinoamericana, 1995.
Weiss, C. “The many meanings of research utilization”. In Bulmer, M., Social Science and social policy. London, Boston: Allen & Unwin, p. 31-40, 1986.
The content of the articles and reviews published in RBI are of absolute and exclusive responsibility of their authors.
Downloads
