Resumo
Este trabalho discute as relações entre direitos de propriedade intelectual (PI) e concorrência, que podem ser vistas, em princípio, como contraditórias. Apresentamos uma revisão da bibliografia empírica e teórica sobre os impactos da proteção, mostrando que tais impactos não são diretos nem absolutos, sendo ainda fortemente condicionados pelos padrões de concorrência setorial e características da tecnologia principalmente. Analisamos a relação entre propriedade intelectual e poder de mercado conforme o quadro analítico-conceitual de Teece (1986), que localiza esse direito como apenas um dos elementos de um regime de apropriabilidade. Nossa principal conclusão sobre os efeitos da proteção jurídica à PI é que tais efeitos são ambíguos – tanto incentivadores da atividade inovativa quanto restritivos da concorrência –, aspectos inseparáveis e inerentes à proteção. Os instrumentos típicos da análise antitruste são compatíveis com nossa abordagem sobre o tema, oferecendo um meio adequado para identificar comparativamente os efeitos da propriedade intelectual.Referências
Angelmar, R. “Brevets et investissements en biotechnologies: le cas des grandes societés pharmaceutiques”, Innovation dans les Semences – Recherche et Industrie – Actes et Communications, 4. Paris: INRA, 1989.
Arora, A.; Fosfuri, A.; Gambardella, A. “Markets for technology, intellectual property rights and development”, in Maskus, K.E.; Reichman, J.H. (eds.), International public goods and transfer of technology under a globalized intellectual property regime. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Arrow, K. “Economic welfare and the allocation of resources for invention”, The rate and direction of inventive activity. Nova York: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1962.
Ben-Zion, U. “The R&D and investment decisio and its relationship to the firm’s Market value: some preliminary results”, in Griliches, Z. (org.), R&D, patents and productivity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984.
Bertin, G.Y.; Wyatt, S. Multinationals and industrial property. Harvester: Wheatsheaf Books, 1988.
Besen, S.M.; Raskind, L.J. “An introduction to the law and economics of intellectual property”, Journal of Economic Perpectives, 5(1), p.3-27, 1991.
Branstetter, L.G. “Do stronger patentes induce more local innovation?”, in Maskus, K.E.; Reichman, J.H. (eds.), International public goods and transfer of technology under a globalized intellectual property regime. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Branstetter, L.G.; Fisman, R.; Foley, C.F. “Do stronger intellectual property induce more technology transfer?”, NBER Working Paper, 11.516, 2005.
Carvalho, S.M.P.; Salles-Filho, S.; Paulino, S.R. “Propriedade intelectual e dinâmica de inovação na agricultura”, Revista Brasileira de Inovação, 5(2) p.315-340, jul.-dez., 2006.
Correa, C.M. “Patentes y biotecnologia – Opciones para America Latina”, Revista del Derecho Industrial, Buenos Aires, 12(34), p.5-54, jan.-abr., 1990.
Correa, C.M. “El desarollo científico-tecnológico en la integración Argentina–Brasil”, Revista del Derecho Industrial, Buenos Aires, n.38, p.303-324, 1991.
Crespi, R.S. “Patents in biotechnology: the legal background”, in Patenting life forms in Europe. Proceedings of an International Conference at the European Parliament, Brussels, 7-8 feb. Barcelona: ICDA, 1989.
Dosi, G. “Sources, procedures and microeconomic effects of innovation”, Journal of Economic Literature, XXVI, p.1.120-1.171, 1988a.
Dosi, G. “Institutions and markets in a dynamic world”, The Manchester School, LVI(2), 1988b.
Dosi, G.; Marengo, L.; Pasquali, C. “How much should society fuel the greed of innovators? On relations between appropriability, opportunities and rates of innovation”, Research Policy, 35, p.1.110-1.121, 2006.
Freeman, C. The economics of industrial innovation. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1974.
Giuri, P.; Mariani, M.; Brusoni, S.; Crespi, G.; Francoz, D.; Gambardella, A.; Garcia-Fontes, W.; Geuna, A.; Gonzáles, R.; Harhoff, D.; Hoisl, K.; Le Bas, C.; Luzzi, A.; Magazzini, L.; Nesta, L.; Nomaler, O.; Palomeras, N.; Patel, P.; Romanelli, M.; Verspagen, B. “Inventors and invention processes in Europe: results from the PatVal-EU survey”, Research Policy, 36, p.1.107-1.127, 2007.
Griliches, Z. (org.) R&D, patents and productivity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984.
Hoerner, R.J. “The decline (and fall?) of the patent misuse doctrine in the federal circuit”, Antitrust Law Journal, 69(3), p.669-685, 2002.
Kay, N. “The R&D function: corporate strategy and structure”, in Dosi, G.; Freeman, C.; Nelson, R.; Silverberg, G.; Soete, L. (eds.), Technical change and economic theory. Londres: Pinter Publishers, 1988.
Kirim, A.S. “Reconsidering patents and economic development: a case study of the Turkish pharmaceutical industry”, World Development, 13(2), p.219-236, 1985.
Lanjouw, J.O. “Patents, price controls and access to new drugs: how policy affects global market entry”, NBER Working Paper, 11.321, 2005. Disponível em http://www.nber.org/papers/w11321. National Bureau of Economic Research.
Lerner, J. “Patent protection and innovation over 150 years”, NBER Working Paper Series, Working Paper, 8.977, 2002. Disponível em http://www.nber.org/papers/w7068.
Levin, R. “A new look at the patent system”, American Economic Review, 76(2), p.199-202, maio, 1986.
Levin, R.; Cohen, W.; Mowery, D. “R&D, appropriability, opportunity and market structure”, American Economic Review, 75(2), p.20-24, maio, 1985.
Levin, R.; Klevorick, A.K.; Nelson, R.; Winter, S. “Appropriating the returns from industrial research and development”, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 3, p.783-831, 1987.
Mansfield, E. “The R&D tax credit and other technology policy issues”, American Economic Review, 76(2), p.190-194, 1986.
Mansfield, E. “Intellectual property protection, foreign direct investment and technology transfer”, Internatioal Finance Corporation (IFC). Washington: The World Bank, 1994, Discussion Paper, n.19.
Mansfield, E.; Schwartz, M.; Wagner, S. “Imitation costs and patents: an empiricial study”, The Economic Journal, 91, p.907-918, dez., 1981.
Mello, M.T.L. “Propriedade intelectual e concorrência: uma análise setorial”, Tese de Doutorado, Instituto de Economia, UNICAMP. Campinas, ago., 1995, mimeo.
Merges, R.; Nelson, R. “On limiting or encouraging rivalry in technical progress: the effect of patent scope decisions”, 1993, mimeo.
Napolitano, G.; Sirilli, G. “The patent system and the exploitation of inventions: results of a statistical survey conducted in Italy”, Technovation, 10(1), p.5-16, 1990.
Nelson, R. “What is ‘comercial’ and what is ‘public’ about technology, and what should de?”, in Rosenberg, N.; Landau, R.; Mowery, D. (eds.), Technology and the wealth of nations. Stanford UP, 1992.
Nelson, R. “Reflections of David Teece’s ‘Profiting from technological innovation...’”, Research Policy, 35, p.1.107-1.109, 2006.
Ordover, J.A. “A patent system for both diffusion and exclusion”, Journal of Economic Perpectives, 5(1), p.43-60, 1991.
Pavitt, K. “Sectoral patterns of technical change: towards a taxonomy and a theory”, Research Policy, 13, 1984.
Pisano, G. “Profiting from innovation and the intellectual property revolution”, Research Policy, 35, p.1.122-1.130, 2006.
Possas, M. Sílvia. “Concorrência e competitividade – Notas sobre a estratégia e dinâmica seletiva na economia capitalista”, Tese de Doutorado, Instituto de Economia, UNICAMP. Campinas, 1993, mimeo.
Scherer, F.M. “Pricing, profits and technological progress in the pharmaceutical industry”, Journal of Economic Perpectives, 7(3), p.97-115, 1993.
Schumpeter, J.A. Capitalismo, socialismo, democracia. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar, 1984 (1943).
Scotchmer, S. “Standing on the shoulders of giants: cumulative research and the patente law”, Journal of Economic Perpectives, 5(1), p.29-41, 1991.
Sherwood, R.M. Intellectual property and economic development. Boueler, San Francisco, Oxford: Westview Press, 1990.
Solleiro, J.L.; Arriaga, E. “Patentes de biotecnología: amenazas y opciones para América Latina”, Comércio Exterior, México, 40(12), p.1.160-1.170, dez., l990.
Taylor, C.; Silberston, A. The economic impact of the patent system. Cambridge: Cambridge Universit Press, 1974.
Teece, D.J. “Profiting from technological innovation”, Research Policy, 15, p.285-305, 1986.
Teece, D.J. “Technical change and the nature of the firm”, in Dosi, G.; Freeman, C.; Nelson, R.; Silverberg, G.; Soete, L. (eds.), Technical change and economic theory. Londres: Pinter Publishers, 1988.
Teubner, G. “Industrial democracy through law? Social functions of law in institutional innovations”, in Daintith, Teubner (eds.), Contract and organisation: legal analysis in the light of economic and social theory. Berlim: Walter de Gruyter, 1986.
Von Hippel, E. “Appropriability of innovation benefit as a predictor of the source of innovation”, Research Policy, 11, p.95-115, 1982.
Wald, S. “Biotechnology and patent protection”, in Davies, D. (ed.), Industrial biotechnology in Europe. Londres: Exeter, SRP Ltd., 1986.
Weber. M. Economia y sociedad. México: Fondo de Cultura, 1964.
Williamson, O. The economic institutions of capitalism. Nova York: The Free Press, 1985.
Winter, S. “The logic of appropriability: from Schumpeter to Arrow to Teece”, Research Policy, 35, p.1.100-1.106, 2006.
O conteúdo dos artigos e resenhas publicados na RBI são de absoluta e exclusiva responsabilidade de seus autores.
Downloads
