Abstract
This article analyzes the prohibition of ayahuasca in France. We analyze a broad documental framework that covers academic literature, reports from governmental bodies, judicial decisions, international treaties, and interviews with key actors involved in the process. Initially, we describe the insertion of ayahuasca in France and the arrest of the Santo Daime group. We then analyze the first pharmacological reports on ayahuasca in the country, the legal processes, and the French government’s decision to ban ayahuasca in 2005. After this overview, we consider the unfolding of the decision for ayahuasca use in France. Finally, we problematize the legal framework of ayahuasca as a narcotic and the stigmatization of ayahuasca groups. We intend to demonstrate that the position of France is not random, but refers to the position of the country in relation to the issue of sects and sectarian movements.
References
AGENCE NATIONALE DE SÉCURITÉ DU MÉDICAMENT ET DES PRODUITS DE SANTÉ. Soumission Chimique Resultats De L’enquete 2019. Paris: França, 2019.
ANTUNES, Henrique Fernandes. Políticas de patrimônio cultural imaterial: o caso da ayahuasca. In: Revista de Estudios Sociales Contemporáneos, v.26, pp. 103-127, 2022.
BAUCHET, Claude. Entrevista concedida a Henrique Fernandes Antunes. 29 de maio de 2022. Paris: França, 2022.
BAUCHET, Claude, BOURGOGNE, Ghislaine; BOURGOGNE, Christine; MABIT, Jacques; VAILLANT, Christophe; VACANDARE, Jean Paul. Recours pour Exces de Pouvoir. Memoire Introductif et Ampliatif. Paris: França, 2005.
BEAUVERIE, Patrick. Lettre au juge d’instruction du 20 octobre 2004. Etablissment Public de Santé Paul Giraud. Paris: França, 2004.
BECK, François; GUIGNARD, Romain; RICHARD, Jean-Baptiste. Poppers at top: Usages des nitrites d’alkalyne en France. In: MedSci (Paris), v.30, n.10, pp. 916-921, 2014.
BOURGOGNE, Ghislaine. One hundred days of ayahuasca in France: The story of a legal decision. In: LABATE, Beatriz Caiuby; JUNGABERLE, Henrik (orgs.). The Internationalization of Ayahuasca. Berlin: Lit verlag, 2011, pp. 353-363.
CAICEDO FERNÁNDEZ, Alhena. Debates on the legality and legitimacy of yagé in Colombia. In: LABATE, Beatriz Caiuby; CAVNAR, Clancy (orgs.). Religious Freedom and the Global Regulation of Ayahuasca. Oxfordshire: Routledge, 2023.
CALLAWAY, Jace. Projeto Hoasca: um depoimento pessoal 15 anos depois. In: BERNARDINO-COSTA, Joaze (org.). Hoasca: ciência, sociedade e meio ambiente. Campinas: Mercado de Letras, 2011.
COMMISSION NATIONALE DES STUPÉFIANTS ET DES PSYCHOTROPES. Plantes hallucinogenes et leurs principes actifs. No 46 du 19 avril 2001. Procès-verbal adopté à la reunion du 27 juin 2001. Paris: França, 2001.
COMMISSION NATIONALE DES STUPEFIANTS ET DES PSYCHOTROPES. Procès-verbal de la 62ème réunion du 16 décembre 2004. Adopté à la réunion du 24 février 2005. Paris: França, 2005.
COMMISSION NATIONALE DES STUPÉFIANTS ET DES PSYCHOTROPES/CEIP- BORDEAUX. Rapport 2004: Ayahuasca. Paris: França, 2004
COMMISSION NATIONALE DES STUPÉFIANTS ET DES PSYCHOTROPES/CEIP-PARIS. Soumission chimique, enquête nationale. Paris: França, 2005.
CONSEIL D’ETAT. Republique Française au Nom du Peuple Français. No 282100. Paris: França, 2007.
COUR D’APPEL DE PARIS. Dossier n 04/01888, Arrêt du 13 janvier 2005, 10ème Chambre, Section B. Paris: França, 2005.
DUPUIS, David. Les murmures de l’ayahuasca. Parcours rituel et transmission culturelle à Takiwasi. Tese (Doutorado em Antropologia) – École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, Paris, 2016.
DUPUIS, David. Psychedelics as Tools for Belief Transmission. Set, Setting, Suggestibility, and Persuasion in the Ritual Use of Hallucinogens. In: Frontiers in Psychology, v.12, pp. 1-16, 2021.
GROB, C.S.; MCKENNA, D.J.; CALLAWAY, J.C.; BRITO, G.S.; ANDRADE, E.; OBERLAENDER, G.; SAIDE, O.I.; LABIGANI JR, E.; TACLA, C.; MIRANDA, C.T., STRASSMAN, R.J.; BOONE, K.S.; NEVES, E.S. Farmacologia humana da Hoasca: efeitos psicológicos. In: LABATE, Beatriz Caiuby; ARAÚJO, Wladimyr Sena (org.). O uso ritual da ayahuasca. São Paulo/Campinas: FAPESP/Mercado das Letras, 2002.
INTROVIGNE, Massimo. Mystics or Criminals? “Cults,” Religion and Drugs. In: LABATE, Beatriz Caiuby; CAVNAR, Clancy (org.). Religious Freedom and the Global Regulation of Ayahuasca. Oxfordshire: Routledge, 2023, pp. 207-221.
LABATE, Beatriz Caiuby. A reinvenção do uso da ayahuasca nos centros urbanos. Campinas: Mercado de Letras, São Paulo: Fapesp, 2004.
LABATE, Beatriz Caiuby; ANTUNES, Henrique Fernandes; ANTUNES, Igor Fernandes. “Authorization? That’s outrageous:” Ayahuasca Environmental Legislation and Indigenous Populations”. In: LABATE, Beatriz Caiuby; CAVNAR, Clancy (orgs.). Religious Freedom and the Global Regulation of Ayahuasca. Oxfordshire: Routledge, 2023.
LABATE, Beatriz Caiuby; ANTUNES, Henrique Fernandes; ASSIS, Glauber L.; CAVNAR, Clancy. A Call for Public Support Against the Current Demonization of Ayahuasca Practices in Spain. San Francisco: United States, 2023.
LABATE, Beatriz Caiuby; CAVNAR, Clancy; GEARIN, Alex K. (orgs.). The World Ayahuasca Diaspora: Reinventions and Controversies. Oxfordshire: Routledge, 2017.
LABATE, Beatriz Caiuby; CAVNAR, Clancy (orgs.). The Expanding World Ayahuasca Diaspora: Appropriation, Integration and Legislation. Oxfordshire: Routledge, 2018.
LABATE, Beatriz Caiuby, FEENEY, Kevin. The Expansion of Brazilian Ayahuasca Religions: Law, Culture and Locality. In: LABATE, Beatriz Caiuby; CAVNAR, Clancy (orgs.). Prohibition, Religious Freedom, and Human Rights: Regulating Traditional Drug Use. New York: Springer, 2014, pp. 111-130.
LABATE, Beatriz Caiuby; JUNGABERLE, Henrik (orgs.). The Internationalization of Ayahuasca. Berlin: Lit Verlag, 2011.
LA MAISON QUI CHANTE, TAKIWASI. Argumentaire face a la campagne de diffamation lancée en france contre les dirigeants de l’association “La Maison qui Chante” et du “Centre Takiwasi”. Paris: França, 2002.
NOVAES, Clara; MORO, Marie Rose. The landscapes of ayahuasca in contemporary France. In: LABATE, Beatriz Caiuby; CAVNAR, Clancy (org.). Religious Freedom and the Global Regulation of Ayahuasca. Oxfordshire: Routledge, 2023, pp. 106-121.
PÉPIN, Gilbert; DUFFORT, Gaëlle. Ayahuasca: liane de l’âme, chamanes et soumission chimique. In: Annales de Toxicologie Analytique, v.16, n.1, pp. 76-84, 2004.
TRIBUNAL DE GRANDE INSTANCE DE PARIS. Jugement du 15 janvier 2004. Paris: França, 2004.
VINCENT, Jules. Entrevista concedida a Henrique Fernandes Antunes. 12 de julho de 2022. Paris: França, 2022.
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-sa/4.0/88x31.png)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2023 Henrique Antunes