Palavras-chave
Como Citar
Resumo
This paper discusses the semantic domain of irreality and the grammatical means of its expression in Q’eqchi’, a Mayan language from Guatemala. Three morphosyntactic devices are examined in detail: the prefix t- from the tense/aspect/mood paradigm, the “status” suffix -q/-aq and some second-position clitics. Due to the significant structural and functional diversity of the irreality markers, it is argued that Q’eqchi’ does not distinguish a morphologically homogeneous grammatical category of “reality status”, traditionally postulated in some American indigenous languages. The respective semantic functions are not encompassed in a sole category, but are rather distributed among different grammatical and lexical items. However, the importance of the semantic domain of irreality in Q’eqchi’ grammar should not be completely discarded. The morphosyntactic interconnection between certain grammatical elements (like the suffix -q/-aq, which is triggered on intransitive verbs by the prefix t-) and the diachronic semantic change of some clitics (for example, the enclitic ta changed its meaning from optative to counterfactual) are arranged according to semantic principles within the irreality domain.Referências
Anderson, Stephen (1993). Wackernagel’s revenge: Clitics, morphology, and the syntax of verb-second position. Language 69(1): 68-98.
Barrett, Edward Rush (1999). A grammar of Sipakapense Maya (Doctoral dissertation). Austin: University of Texas.
Becquey, Cédric (2014). Diasystème, diachronie: Etudes comparées dans les langues cholanes (Doctoral dissertation). Amsterdam: Vrije Universiteit.
Berendt, Carl Hermann (ed.) (1875). Arte de lengua Cacchi para Bien común. Cobán, Guatemala. Rare Book & Manuscript Library University of Pennsylvania, Berendt-Brinton Linguistic Collection. Retrieved from: http://hdl.library.upenn.edu/1017/d/ medren/3966547 (Accessed 31/03/2017).
Bošković, Željko (2000). Second position cliticization: syntax and/or phonology? In Frits Beukema; Marcel den Dikken (eds.). Clitic phenomena in European languages, pp. 71-119. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Bowern, Claire (1998). Towards a typology of irrealis marking in modality. In John Ingram (ed.). Selected papers from the 1998 Conference of the Australian Linguistic Society. Retrieved from: http://www.als.asn.au/proceedings/als1998/bower371.html (Accessed 25/12/2016).
Bugenhagen, Robert (1993). The semantics of irrealis in the Austronesian languages of Papua New Guinea: A cross-linguistic study. In Ger Reesink (ed.). Topics in descriptive Austronesian linguistics, pp. 1-39. Leiden: Rijksuniversiteit.
Bybee, Joan. (1998). “Irrealis” as a grammatical category. Anthropological Linguistics 40(2): 257-271.
Campbell, Lyle; Kaufman, Terrence; Smith-Stark, Thomas. (1986). Meso-America as a linguistic area. Language 62(3): 530-570.
Can Pixabaj, Telma; England, Nora. (2011). Nominal topic and focus in K’ichee’. In Rodrigo Gutiérrez-Bravo; Line Mikkelsen; Eric Potsdam (eds.). Representing language: Essays in honor of Judith Aissen, pp. 15-30. Santa Cruz, CA: Booksurge Publishing. Retrieved from https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0vf4s9tk (Accessed 26/12/2016).
Caz Cho, Sergio (2007). Informe de variación dialectal Q’eqchi’. Guatemala City: Cholsamaj.
Cu Caal, Alfonso (1997). Gramática Q’eqchi’. Guatemala: Universidad Rafael Landívar.
Cú Cab, Carlos Humberto (1998). Vocabulario Q’eqchi’-castellano. Guatemala: Universidad Rafael Landívar.
Danielsen, Swintha; Terhart, Lena (2015). Realis/irrealis as a basic grammatical distinction in Southern Arawakan languages. Revue de Sémantique et Pragmatique 38: 97-120.
de Haan, Ferdinand (2012). Irrealis: Fact or fiction? Language Sciences 34: 107-130.
DeChicchis, Joseph (1989). Q’eqchi’ (Kekchi Mayan) variation in Guatemala and Belize (Doctoral dissertation). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.
DeChicchis, Joseph (1996). Aspect in Q’eqchi’ Mayan. Folia Linguistica 30(1-2): 30-59.
Dürr, Michael (1987). Morphologie, Syntax und Textstrukturen des (Maya-)Quiche des Popol Vuh: Linguistische Beschreibung eines kolonialzeitlichen Dokuments aus dem Hochland von Guatemala. Bonn: Holos.
Elliott, Jennifer (2000). Realis and irrealis: Forms and concepts of the grammaticalization of reality. Linguistic Typology 4(1): 55-90.
Haeserijn, Esteban (1979). Diccionario K’ekchi’-Español. Guatemala: Piedra Santa.
Haspelmath, Martin (2011). The indeterminacy of word segmentation and the nature of morphology and syntax. Folia Linguistica 45(1): 31-80.
Henderson, Robert (2012). Morphological alternations at the intonational phrase edge. Natural Language and Linguistics Theory 30(3): 741-789.
Henderson, Robert (2016). Mayan semantics. Language and Linguistics Compass 10(10): 551-588.
Hofling, Charles Andrew (1991). Itzá Maya texts with a grammatical overview. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
Hofling, Charles Andrew (1998). Irrealis and perfect in Itzaj Maya. Anthropological Linguistics 40(2): 214-227.
Kaufman, Terrence (1974). Idiomas de Mesoamérica. Antigua, Guatemala: José de Pineda Ibarra.
Kaufman, Terrence (1990). Algunos rasgos estructurales de los idiomas mayances con referencia especial al K’iche’. In Nora England; Stephen Elliott (eds.). Lecturas sobre la lingüística maya, pp. 59-114. Antigua, Guatemala: Centro de Investigaciones Regionales de Mesoamérica.
Kaufman, Terrence; Norman, William (1984). An outline of proto-Cholan phonology, morphology, and vocabulary. In John Justeson; Lyle Campbell (eds.). Phoneticism in Mayan hieroglyphic writing, pp. 77-166. Albany: State University of New York.
Kockelman, Paul (2002). Factive and counterfactive clitics in Q’eqchi’-Maya: Stance, status, and subjectivity. Proceedings of the 38th Annual Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistics Society, pp. 369-383. Chicago: Chicago Linguistics Society.
Kockelman, Paul (2004). Stance and subjectivity. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 14(2): 127-150.
Kockelman, Paul (2006). Psychological depth is the internalization of dialogical breadth: Modal clitics and mental states in Q’eqchi’-Maya. Language & Communication 26: 55-116.
Martin, Laura (1998). Irrealis constructions in Mocho (Mayan). Anthropological Linguistics 40(2): 198-213.
Mithun, Marianne (1995). On the relativity of irreality. In Joan Bybee; Suzanne Fleischman (eds.). Modality in grammar and discourse, pp. 367-388. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Mithun, Marianne (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mó Isém, Romelia (2006). Gramática descriptiva Sakapulteka. Guatemala City: Cholsamaj.
Mó Isém, Romelia (2011). Clausal complements in Poqomchi’. In Heriberto Avelino (ed.). New perspectives in Mayan linguistics, pp. 183-205. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Müller, Neele (2013). Tense, aspect, modality, and evidentiality marking in South American indigenous languages (Doctoral dissertation). Nijmegen: Radboud Universiteit.
Palmer, Frank (2001). Mood and modality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Plungian, Vladimir (2001). Agglutination and flection. In Martin Haspelmath; Ekkehard König; Wulf Oesterreicher; Wolfgang Raible (eds.). Language typology and language universals: An international handbook, pp. 669-678. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
Plungian, Vladimir (2005). Irrealis and modality in Russian and in typological perspective. In Björn Hansen; Petr Karlík (eds.). Modality in Slavonic languages: New perspectives, pp. 135-146. Munich: Sagner Verlag.
Polian, Gilles (2007). El sufijo -uk y la diversificación de la modalidad irrealis en tseltal. Paper presented at the Conference on Indigenous Languages of Latin America-III. Austin, University of Texas. Retrieved from http://www.ailla.utexas.org/site/cilla3/ Polian_CILLA_III.pdf (Accessed 25/12/2016).
Richards, Michael (2003). Atlas lingüístico de Guatemala. Guatemala City: Serviprensa.
Robertson, John (1992). The history of tense/aspect/mood/voice in the Mayan verbal complex. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Romero, Sergio (2006). Sociolinguistic variation and linguistic history in Mayan: The case of K’ichee’ (Doctoral dissertation). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.
Romero, Sergio (2012). A Maya version of Jespersen’s cycle: The diachronic evolution of negative markers in K’iche’ Maya. International Journal of American Linguistics 78(1): 77-96.
Sachse, Frauke; Michael Dürr (2016). Morphological glossing of Mayan languages under XML: Preliminary results. Textdatenbank und Wörterbuch des Klassischen Maya. Retrieved from http://mayawoerterbuch.de/?p=2122 (Accessed 25/12/2016).
Sedat, William (1955). Nuevo diccionario de las lenguas K’ekchi y Española. Guatemala: Alianza para el Progreso.
Stewart, Stephen (1979). Tense/aspect in Kekchi. In Laura Martin (ed.). Papers in Mayan linguistics, pp. 185-201. Columbia, MO: Lucas Brothers.
Stewart, Stephen (1980). Gramática kekchí. Guatemala City: Editorial Académica Centroamericana.
Vázquez Álvarez, Juan Jesús (2011). A grammar of Chol, a Mayan language (Doctoral dissertation). Austin: University of Texas.
Vinogradov, Igor (2015). El sistema de tiempo/aspecto/modo en Q’eqchi’. Paper presented at the XIII Congress of the Mexican Association for Applied Linguistics (AMLA). Tuxtla Gutiérrez, México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Chiapas.
Vinogradov, Igor (2016). Acerca de la semántica del completivo/incompletivo en las lenguas mayas. Cuadernos de Lingüística 3(1): 5-44.
Vinogradov, Igor (2017). El “Arte de lengua Cacchi para bien comun” y estudios diacrónicos de la gramática Q’eqchi’. Estudios de Cultura Maya 49: 201-225.
A LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas utiliza a licença do Creative Commons (CC), preservando assim, a integridade dos artigos em ambiente de acesso aberto.
Os artigos e demais trabalhos publicados na LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas, publicação de acesso aberto, passa a seguir os princípios da licença do Creative Commons. Uma nova publicação do mesmo texto, de iniciativa de seu autor ou de terceiros, fica sujeita à expressa menção da precedência de sua publicação neste periódico, citando-se a edição e a data desta publicação.
Downloads
