Resumo
O presente artigo analisa a importância das patentes para o meio acadêmico no Brasil, referindo-se à literatura sobre intellectual property right theory. Inicialmente, são abordadas algumas questões teóricas relativas às patentes e, em seguida, às leis que regem a operacionalização desse mecanismo nas universidades no Brasil, Estados Unidos e Alemanha, evidenciando alguns dados a esse respeito. O artigo apresenta determinadas influências das patentes sobre as universidades e o setor privado, e algumas sugestões de políticas são inferidas, como: i) melhoria da infra-estrutura de informações sobre patentes e sua transposição ao mercado; ii) maior incorporação dos pesquisadores nas estratégias de exploração comercial; iii) orientação das atividades de pesquisa à demanda do mercado; iv) cooperação de empresas em áreas de pesquisas intensivas em P&D; v) concessão de licenças exclusivas às empresas; e vi) otimização da comercialização das patentes através de sistemas flexíveis de estímulos e redes de contato.Referências
Abramson, N. H.; Encarnação, J.; Reid, P. R.; Schmoch, U., Technology Transfer Systems in the United States and Germany. Lessons and perspectives, Washington: Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research, National Academy of Engineering, 1997.
Acs, Z. J.; Audretsch, D. B.; Feldman, M. P., “R&D Spillovers and Recipient Firm Size”, in Review of Economics and Statistics, 76 (2), p.336–340, 1994.
Adams, J., “Fundamental Stocks of Knowledge and Productivity Growth”, in Journal of Political Economy, 98 (4), p.673-702, 1990.
Arrow, K., “Economic Welfare and the Allocation of Resources for Inventions, in Nelson, R. (org.), The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, p.609–625, 1962.
Assumpção, E., “O Sistema de Patentes e as Universidades Brasileiras nos anos 90”, http://www.inpi.gov.br (23-07-2004), 2001.
Audretsch, D. B., “Intellectual Property Rights. New Research Directions”, in Albach, H.; Rosenkranz, S. (orgs.), Intellectual Property Rights and Global Competition. Towards a new Synthesis, BerlimWZB, Berlim, p.36-76, 1995.
Bartenbach, K.; Volz, F.-E.. Erfindungen an Hochschulen – Zur Neufassung des § 42 ArbEG. Gewerblicher Rechtsschutz und Urheberrecht, p.743-758, 2002.
Basberg, B., “Patents and the Measurement of Technological Change: A Survey of Literature”, in Research Policy 16, p.131–141, 1987.
Brockhoff, K., “Zur Dynamik technologischer Kompetenzen”, in: Albach, H.; Eymann, E.; Luhmer, A.; Steven, M. (orgs.), Die Theorie der Unternehmung in Forschung und Praxis, Berlim, Heidelberg; Nova York, p.475-495, 1999.
Brockhoff, K., “Die Erzeugung neuen technologischen Wissens als unternehmerische Aufgabe”, in Sadowski, D. (org.), Entrepreneurial spirits, Wiesbaden: p.5-30, 2001.
Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), 1. Förderrichtlinie des Bundesministeriums für Bildung und Forschung zur BMBF-Verwertungs-offensive – Verwertungsförderung – vom 27.7.2001, Bundesanzeiger Nr. 144 vom 4.8.2001, p.16.657, 2001.
Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, Pressemitteilung Nr. 63 vom 25.3.2004, Studie: Deutschland baut Position bei internationalen Patenten aus, http://www.bmbf.de/press/1109.php (10.5.2004).
Deutsches Patent- und Markenamt (DPMA) (2004). Messbare Innovationen – zahlreiche Patent- und Markenanmeldungen beim Deutschen Patent- und Markenamt, Pressemitteilung vom 12.03.2004, http://www.dpma.de/infos/pressedienst/pm040312.html (17.04.2004), 2004.
Di Gregorio, D.; Shane, S., “Why do Some Universities Generate More Start-ups than Others?” in Research Policy 32, p.209-227, 2003.
Feldman, M.; Feller, I.; Bercovitz, J.; Burton, R., “Equity and the Technology Transfer Strategies of American Research Universities”, in Management Science, v.48, n.1, p.105-121, 2002.
Foray, D., “Knowledge Distribution and the Institutional Infrastructure. The Role of Intellectual Property Rights”, in Albach, H.; Rosenkranz, S. (orgs.), Intellectual Property Rights and Global Competition. Towards a new Synthesis, Berlim: WZB , p.77-117, 1995.
Grupp, H.; Legler, H.; Gehrke, B.; Breitschopf, B., Zur technologischen Leistungsfähigkeit Deutschlands 2002, Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (orgs.), Bonn, 2003.
Henderson, R.; Jaffe, A.; Trajtenberg, M., “Universities as a Source of Commercial Technology: A Detailed Analysis of University Patenting, 1965-1988”, in Review of Economics and Statistics 80 (1), p.119-127, 1998.
Henzler, H. A., “Keimzellen des Fortschritts. Zusammenspiel von Unternehmensgründungen und Gründungsclustern”, in Sadowski, D. (org.), Entrepreneurial spirits, Wiesbaden, p.123-136, 2001.
Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial (INPI), Relatório de Gestão 2001, http://www.inpi.gov.br/estatistica/estatistica.htm (17.06.2004), 2003.
Jaffe, A. B. “Real Effects of Academic Research”, in American Economic Review 79 (5), p.957-970. 1989.
Katz, M. L.; Shapiro, C. (1985). “Network Externalities, Competition and Compatibility”, in American Economic Review 75, p.424-440, 1985.
Katz, M. L., “Technology Adoption in the Presence of Network Externalities”, in Journal of Political Economy 94, p.822-841, 1986.
Klemperer, P., “How Broad Should the Scope of Patent Protection Be?”, in Rand Journal of Economics 21 (1), p.113-130, 1990.
Lach, S.; Schankerman, M., Incentives and Invention in Universities, NBER Working Paper No. w9727, http://www.nber.org/papers/W9727, 2003.
Landes, W. M.; Posner, R. A., “An Economic Analysis of Copyright Law”, in Journal of Legal Studies XVII (2), p.325-363, 1989.
Latini, S. A., “Invenção e Inovação Tecnológica – Uma Receita de Sucesso”, Carta Mensal Rio de Janeiro 49 (580), p.3-14, 2003.
Levin, R. C., “A New Look at the Patent System”, in American Economic Review 76 (2), p. 199-202, 1986.
Link, A. N.; Scott, J. T.; Siegel, D. S., “The Economics of Intellectual Property at Universities: an overview of the special issue”, in International Journal of Industrial Organization, 21, p.1.217–1.225, 2003.
Machlup, F., Die wirtschaftlichen Grundlagen des Patentrechts – 1. Teil, Gewerblicher Rechtsschutz und Urheberrecht Int., p.373-390, 473-482, 524-537, 1961.
Mansfield, E., “Patents and Innovation. An Empirical Study”, in Management Science 32 (2), p.173-181, 1986.
Merges, R. P.; Nelson, R. R., “On the Complex Economics of Patent Scope”, in Columbia Law Review 90 (1), p. 839-916, 1990.
Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia (MCT), CT-FVA: Fundo Verde-Amarelo http://www.mct.gov.br/Fontes/Fundos/cts/ctfva/ct_fva.htm (15.06.2005), 2004.
Mowery, D.; Nelson, R. R.; Sampat, B.; Ziedonis, A., “The Growth of Patenting and Licensing by U.S. Universities: An Assessment of the Effects of the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980”, in Research Policy 30 (1), p.99-119, 2001.
Mowery, D., “Academic Patent Quality and Quantity Before and After the Bayh-Dole Act in the United States”, in Research Policy 31 (3), p.399-418, 2002.
Palmer, T. G., “Intellectual Property. A Non-Posnerian Law and Economics Approach”, in Hamline Law Review 12 (2), p.261-304, 1989.
Polanyi, M., Personal Knowledge Towards a Post Critical Philosophy, Chicago, 1962.
Rede e Propriedade Intelectual, Negociação e Cooperação de Tecnologia (REPICT) 2004, disponível em http://www.redetec.org.br/repict/ (15.06.2005).
Ritter dos Santos, M. E.; Rossi, A. L., "Estímulo à criação e consolidação de núcleos de propriedade intelectual e transferência de tecnologia em universidades brasileiras", Relatório final da Etapa – mapeamento das instituições, Porto Alegre, 2002, disponível em http://www.tecpar.br.Romer, P., “Increasing Returns and Long-Run Growth”, in Journal of Political Economy 94 (5), p.1.002-1.037, 1986.
Scherer, F. M., “The Economic Effects of Compulsory Patent Licensing, Graduate School of Business Administration”, Nova York: Center for the Study of Financial Institutions, New York University, p.5-90, 1977.
Schmoch, U.; Licht, G.; Reinhard, M., Wissens- und Technologietransfer in Deutschland, Stuttgart, 2000.
Schumpeter, J. A., Konjunkturzyklen. Eine theoretische, historische und statistische Analyse des kapitalistischen Prozesses, Göttingen, 1961.
Shane, S., “Encouraging University Entrepreneurship? The Effect of the Bayh-Dole Act on University Patenting in the United States”, in Journal of Business Venturing 19, p.127-151, 2004.
Stevens, A. J.; Toneguzzo, F. , AUTM Licensing Survey, FY 2003 Survey Summary, Northbrook, 2004.
Thursby, J.; Kemp S., “Growth and Productive Efficiency of University Intellectual Property Licensing”, in Research Policy, 31(1), p.109-124, 2002.
Thursby, J. G.; Jensen, R.; Thursby, M.C., “Objectives, Characteristics and Outcomes of University Licensing: a survey of major U.S. universities”, in Journal of Technology Transfer 26 (1–2), p.59–72, 2001.
Towse, R.; Holzhauer, R., “Introduction, The Economics of Intellectual Property I”, Cheltenham, Northampton, p. xi-xxxii, 2002.
United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) Performance and Accountability Report: Fiscal Year 2003, http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/com/annual/2003/2003annualreport.pdf (16.8.2004), 2003.
O conteúdo dos artigos e resenhas publicados na RBI são de absoluta e exclusiva responsabilidade de seus autores.
Downloads
