Resumo
Previous studies have reported that clitic interpolation and clitic climbing change according to three stages in the history of European Portuguese. In this paper we develop the idea that these phenomena are deeply intertwined in the diachrony of Portuguese once they are related through the notion “clitic position” and reflect a general strategy for clitics to stay outside the focus domain of the clause. In order to provide a unified explanation for interpolation and climbing, we follow a quantitative methodology using the Tycho Brahe Corpus of Historical Portuguese. Moreover, developing some ideas about the Force-Fin system, in the Generative Grammar framework, we put forward a formal approach to the diachronic change having taken place between Old Portuguese and Classical Portuguese. Considering that clitic position reflects the category hosting the clitic, we argue that the availability of XP interpolation and of obligatory clitic climbing in Old Portuguese are different consequences of more basic structural principles, such as the V-to-Fin movement, which is dependent on the role of left-peripheral elements in the Old Portuguese grammar. Therefore the clitic could occur either in Force or in Fin, in order to mark the relative presuppositional nature of clitics with respect to different left-peripheral elements. In Classical Portuguese, we defend that XP interpolation paved the way for Neg interpolation because of the loss of V-to-Fin movement in embedded contexts; by then clitic climbing started to reflect a number of criteria related to topicality. Finally, in Modern European Portuguese, the gradual loss of Neg interpolation and the marked status of clitic climbing can be seen as further consequences of the loss of V-to-Fin movement.Referências
A. Primary sources (in chronological order of author)
L-002 *1380 = Lopes, Fernão. ( 1644). Chronica del Rey D. Ioam I de boa memoria e dos reys de Portugal o decimo. Lisboa: Oficina de Antonio Alvarez, BN H.G. 2551 V.1/2552 V.
G-009 *1435 = Galvão, Duarte. (1726). Chronica do muito alto e muito esclarecido principe D. Affonso Henriques primeiro Rey de Portugal. Lisboa: Officina Ferreyriana.
G-008 *1502 = Gândavo, Pero Magalhães de. (1576). História da Província de Santa Cruz a que vulgarmente chamamos Brasil. Lisboa: Oficina de Antonio Gonsalvez.
H-001 *1517 = Holanda, Francisco de. (1984). Da Pintura Antiga. Lisboa: Imprensa Nacional & Casa da Moeda.
C-007 *1542 = Couto, Diogo do. (1947). Décadas. Vol 1. Lisboa: Sá da Costa.
S-001 *1556 = Sousa, Frei Luís de. (1984). A Vida de D. Frei Bertolameu dos Mártires. Lisboa: Imprensa Nacional & Casa da Moeda.
L-001 *1579 = Lobo, Francisco Rodrigues. (1907). Côrte Na Aldeia e Noites de Inverno. Lisboa: Sá da Costa.
M-003 *1608 = Melo, Francisco Manuel de. (1942). Cartas Familiares. Lisboa: Livraria Sá da Costa.
B-003 *1644 = Bernardes, Manuel. (1949). Nova Floresta. Volume I. Porto: Livraria Lello & Irmão.
B-008 *1651 = Brochado, José da Cunha. (1944). Cartas. Lisboa: Livraria Sá da Costa.
C-002 *1658 = Céu, Maria do. (1993). Rellaçaõ da Vida e Morte da Serva de Deos a Venerável Madre Elenna da Crus. Lisboa: Quimera.
B-001 *1675 = Barros, André de. (1746). Vida do Apostolico Padre António Vieira. Lisboa: Officina Sylviana.
A-001 *1705 = Aires, Matias. (1980). Reflexões sobre a Vaidade dos Homens e Carta sobre a Fortuna. Lisboa: Imprensa Nacional & Casa da Moeda.
G-002 *1724 = Garção, Correia. (1982). Obras Completas. Vol II. Lisboa: Livraria Sá da Costa.
A-004 *1750 = Marquesa de Alorna. (1941). Inéditos: Cartas e Outros Escritos. Lisboa: Livraria Sá da Costa.
G-004 *1799 = Garrett, Almeida. (1998). Viagens na Minha Terra (edição eletrônica) Lisboa: Imprensa Nacional & Biblioteca Nacional.
A-003 *1802 = Marquês de Alorna. (1926). Memórias do Marquês da Fronteira e d’Alorna. Lisboa: Imprensa Nacional & Casa da Moeda.
O-001 *1836 = Ortigão, Ramalho. (1993). Cartas a Emília. Lisboa: Lisóptima Edições & Biblioteca Nacional.
B. Secondary sources
DE ANDRADE, Aroldo. (2010). A subida de clíticos em português: um estudo sobre a variedade europeia dos séculos XVI a XX. Dissertation (PhD in Linguistics). Campinas: Universidade Estadual de Campinas.
DE ANDRADE, Aroldo & FISCHER, Susann. Degrammaticalisation indices in Iberian complex predicates? In: GARACHANA, Mar; MONTSERRAT, Sandra; PUSCH, Claus D. (eds.) From composite predicates to verbal periphrases in Romance languages. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, to appear.
ANTONELLI, André. (2011). Sintaxe da Posição do Verbo e Mudança Gramatical na História do Português Europeu. Dissertation (PhD in Linguistics). Campinas: Universidade Estadual de Campinas.
BRITO, Ana Maria; DUARTE, Inês & MATOS, Gabriela. (2003). Tipologia e distribuição das expressões referenciais. In: MATEUS, Maria Helena Mira et al. (eds.) Gramática da Língua Portuguesa. 5. ed. rev. aum. Lisbon: Caminho, 795-867.
CHOMSKY, Noam. (2001). Derivation by phase. In: Kenstowicz, Michael. Ken Hale: A Life in Language. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1–52.
CHOMSKY, Noam. (2008). On phases. In: Freidin, Robert; Otero, Carlos & Zubizarreta, Maria-Luisa (eds). Foundational Issues in Linguistic Theory: Essays in Honor of Jean-Roger Vergnaud. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 133–166.
DEN DIKKEN, Marcel. (2007). Phase extension: contours f a theory of the role of head movement in phrasal extraction. Theoretical Linguistics 33:1, 1-42.
DUARTE, Inês; MATOS, Gabriela & GONÇALVES, Anabela. (2005). Pronominal clitics in European and Brazilian Portuguese. Journal of Portuguese Linguistics 4:1, 113-141.
FISCHER, Susann. (2010). Word-order change as a source of grammaticalisation: A comparative historical study of oblique subjects and stylistic fronting in Romance and Germanic. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
FRASCARELLI, Mara & HINTERHÖLZL, Roland. (2007). Types of topics in German and Italian. In: Schwabe, Kerstin & Winkler, Susanne (eds.) On Information Structure, Meaning and Form: generalizations across languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 87–116.
GALVES, Charlotte & FARIA, Pablo. (2010). Tycho Brahe Parsed Corpus of Historical Portuguese. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Available at: http://www.tycho.iel.unicamp.br/~tycho/corpus/en/index.html. Access: 10 mar. 2016.
GALVES, Charlotte; NAMIUTI, Cristiane & PAIXÃO DE SOUSA, Maria Clara. (2006). Novas perspectivas para antigas questões: revisitando a periodização da língua portuguesa. In: ENDRUSCHAT, Annette; KEMMLER, Rolf & SCHÄFER-PRIEß, Barbara. (orgs.) Grammatische Strukturen des europäischen Portugiesisch: Synchrone and diachrone Untersuchungen zu Tempora, Pronomina, Präprositionen und mehr. Tübingen: Calepinus Verlag, 45-74.
GALVES, Charlotte & SANDALO, Filomena. (2012). From intonational phrase to syntactic phrase: the grammaticalization of enclisis in the history of European Portuguese. Lingua 122, 952-974.
GALVES, Charlotte; TORRES MORAES, Maria Aparecida & RIBEIRO, Ilza. (2005). Syntax and morphology in the placement of clitics in European and Brazilian Portuguese. Journal of Portuguese Linguistics 4:2, 143–177.
HALLE, Morris & MARANTZ, Alec. (1993). Distributed Morphology and Pieces of Inflection. In: HALE, Kenneth & KEYSER, Samuel Jay. The View from Building 20: Essays in Honor of Sylvain Bromberger. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 111-176.
KAYNE, Richard. (1975). French syntax: the transformational process. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
KRIFKA, Manfred. (2007). Basic notions of information structure. Interdisciplinary Studies on Information Structure 6, 13-55.
MAGRO, Catarina. (2008). Clíticos: Variações sobre o Tema. Dissertation (PhD in Linguistics). Lisbon: Universidade de Lisboa.
MARTINS, Ana Maria. (1994). Clíticos na história do português. Dissertation (PhD in Linguistics). Lisbon: Universidade de Lisboa.
NAMIUTI, Cristiane. Aspectos da história gramatical do português: interpolação, negação e mudança. Dissertation (PhD in Linguistics). Campinas: Universidade Estadual de Campinas.
NAMIUTI, Cristiane; Galves, Charlotte & Sandalo, Filomena. (2011). Na interface da sintaxe com a morfologia: a colocação de clíticos no português europeu. In: Fonseca-Silva, Maria da Conceição & Pacheco, Vera. (Org.). Da fonética ao discurso. São Carlos: Clara Luz, 43–60.
NIKOLAEVA, Irina. (2001). Secondary topic as a relation in information structure. Linguistics 39:1, 1–49.
RANDALL, Beth. CorpusSearch 2. University of Pennsylvania, 2005. Available at: http://corpussearch.soucefourge.net/. Access: 10 apr. 2016.
RAPOSO, Eduardo. (2000). Clitic Position and Verb Movement. In: COSTA, João (ed.) Portuguese Syntax: New Comparative Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Oxford, 266-297.
RIBEIRO, Ilza & TORRES MORAIS, Maria Aparecida. (2012). Doubling-que embedded constructions in Old Portuguese: a diachronic perspective. In: GALVES, Charlotte et al. (eds.) Parameter Theory and Linguistic Change. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 97-166.
RIZZI, Luigi. (1997). The fine structure of the left periphery. In: Haegeman, Liliane. (ed.) Elements of Grammar: Handbook of Generative Syntax. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 281-337.
ROBERTS, Ian. (2010). Agreement and Head Movement: clitics, incorporation and defective goals. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
SANKOFF, David; TAGLIAMONTE, Sali & SMITH, Eric. (2005). Goldvarb X: A variable rule application for Macintosh and Windows. University of Toronto. Available at: http://individual.utoronto.ca/tagliamonte/Goldvarb/GV_index.htm. Access: 10 jul. 2008.
WANNER, Dieter. (1982). A history of Spanish clitic movement. Proceedings of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 8, 135-147.
WRIGHT, Tony. (2012). Temporal Adverbials and Stereotypical Intervals. In: Choi, Jaehoon et al. (eds.) Proceedings of the 29th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project, 276-284.
O periódico Cadernos de Estudos Linguísticos utiliza a licença do Creative Commons (CC), preservando assim, a integridade dos artigos em ambiente de acesso aberto.