Resumo
This article discusses the contributions made by variationist sociolinguistics to the study of languages in contact. After summarizing the development of this subfield and its theoretical and methodological implications, 3rd p.sg. subject pronoun expression is examined in Portuguese and Spanish in contact in Northern Uruguay. Based on comparative sociolinguistics, the results show that this variable use among bilinguals does not converge into a single system. Lastly, it calls for more studies in Portuguese dialects in contact with other languages that follow the framework of variationist sociolinguistics.Referências
AARON, J.E. Lone English-origin nouns in Spanish: The precedence of community norms (Special issue, Gauging convergence on the ground: code-switching in the community, edited by Catherine E. Travis and Rena Torres Cacoullos). International Journal of Bilingualism. 2014.
BARNES, H. Subject pronoun expression in bilinguals of two null subject languages. In Romance Linguistics 2008: Interactions in Romance. Selected papers from the 38th Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages (LSRL), Urbana-Champaign, April 2008 (Vol. 313, p. 9). John Benjamins Publishing. 2010.
BEHARES, L. Diglosia en la sociedad escolar de la frontera uruguaya con Brasil: Matriz social del bilingüismo. Cuadernos de estudios lingüísticos 6. 229-234. 1984.
BESSETT, R.M. The extension of estar across the Mexico–US border: Evidence against contact-induced acceleration. Sociolinguistics Studies. 9 (4) pp. 421–443. 2015.
BESSETT, R.M. The Integration of Lone English Items into Bilingual Sonoran Spanish. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Arizona. 2016.
BI, M. W. Imigração chinesa em São Paulo e seu português falado. Interlíngua e marcadores discursivos. Master’s Thesis. University of Sao Paulo. 2013.
BIRDSONG, D.; GERTKEN, L.M.; AMENGUAL, M. Bilingual language profile: An easy-to-use instrument to assess bilingualism. COERLL, University of Texas at Austin. 2012.
BLAS ARROYO, J.S. 2015. The scope of language contact as a constraint factor in language change: the periphrasis haber de + infinitive in a corpus of language immediacy in modern Spanish”, International Journal of Bilingualism. 19: pp. 499-524.
BLONDEAU, H.; NAGY, N. Subordinate clause marking in Montreal Anglophone French and English. Social Lives in Languages. Sociolinguistics and Multilingual Speech Communities. Celebrating the work of Gillian Sankoff, pp. 273-313. 2008.
BRAVIN DOS SANTOS, A.M. O sujeito anafórico de 3ª pessoa na fala culta carioca: um estudo em tempo real. Ph.D. Dissertation. Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. 2006.
BREMENKAMP, E. S. Análise sociolingüística da manuntenção da língua pomerana em Santa Maria de Jetibá, Espírito Santo. Master’s Thesis. Federal University of Espírito Santo. 2014.
BULLOCK, B.E.; TORIBIO, A.J. Reconsidering Dominican Spanish: data from the rural Cibao. Revista Internacional de Lingüística Iberoamericana, pp. 49-73. 2009.
BUTT, J.; BENJAMIN, C. A new reference grammar of modern Spanish. Routledge, 2013.
CARVALHO, A.M. The sociolinguistic distribution of (lh) in Uruguyan Portuguese: a case of dialect diffusion. Linguistic theory and language development in Hispanic languages, pp. 30-44. 2003.
CARVALHO, A.M. I speak like the guys on TV: palatalization and the urbanization of Uruguayan Portuguese. Language variation and change,16(02), pp. 127-151. 2004.
CARVALHO, A.M. a. Spanish (s) aspiration as a prestige marker on the Uruguayan-Brazilian border. Spanish in context, 3(1), pp. 85-114. 2006.
CARVALHO, A.M. b. Políticas lingüísticas de séculos passados nos dias de hoje: O Dilema sobre a educação bilíngüe no Uruguai. Language Problems and Language Planning. 31(1). pp. 140-171. 2006.
CARVALHO, A.M. ¿Eres de la frontera o sos de la capital? Variation and alternation of second-person verbal forms in Uruguayan border Spanish.Southwest Journal of Linguistics, 29(1), pp. 1-24. 2010.
CARVALHO, A.M.; BESSETT, R.M. Subject pronoun expression in Spanish in contact with Portuguese. Subject Pronoun Expression in Spanish: A Cross-Dialectal Perspective, p. 143. 2015.
CARVALHO, A.M.; LUCCHESI, D. Portuguese in Contact. Handbook of Portuguese Linguistics, edited by W. Leo Wetzels, Sergio Menuzzi, and João Costa. Wiley-Blackwell. 2016.
CARVALHO, A.M.; OROZCO, R.; SHIN, N.L. Subject pronoun expression in Spanish: A cross-dialectal perspective. Georgetown University Press. 2015.
CASTAÑEDA, R.M. Linguistic Variation in a Border Town: Palatalization of Dental Stops and Vowel Nasalization in Rivera. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Florida. ProQuest LLC.
CASTAÑEDA, R.M. The Sociolinguistic Evolution of a Sound Change. Journal of Portuguese Linguistics, 15. 2016.
CHRISTINO, B.; LIMA, M. de. Concordância verbal e nominal na escrita em Português-Kaingang//Verbal and nominal agreement in Portuguese-Kaingang texts. PAPIA-Revista Brasileira de Estudos Crioulos e Similares, 22(2), pp. 415-428. 2012.
CÓRDOBA, A.S. A neutralização das vogais postônicas finais no português uruguaio falado na cidade de Tranqueras-Uruguai. 2013.
COSTA, I. B. Cadeias referenciais no português falado. Organon, 14 (28-29), pp. 33-54. 2000.
DUARTE, M.E.L. Do pronome nulo ao pronome pleno: a trajetória do sujeito no português do Brasil. Português brasileiro: uma viagem diacrônica. Campinas: Editora da Unicamp, pp. 107-128. 1993.
DUARTE, M.E.L. A perda do princípio" evite pronome" no português brasileiro. In Português Brasileiro: Uma viagem diacrônica, edited by Ian Roberts and Mary Kato, pp.107-128. Campinas. Brazil: Universidade Estadual de Campinas. 1995.
ELIZAINCÍN, A. Dialectos en contacto. Español y Portugués en España y América. Montevideo: Arca, 1992.
ELIZAINCÍN, A. Personal pronouns for inanimate entities in Uruguayan Spanish in contact with Portuguese. Spanish in Four Continents: Studies in Language Contact and Bilingualism, pp.117-131. 1995.
EMMERICH, C.; PAIVA, M.D.C.D. Português xinguano: origem e trajetória. Português em contato. Madrid: Iberoamericana, pp. 153-164. 2009.
GAL, S. Language Shift: Social Determinants of Linguistic Change in Bilingual Austria. Academic Press. 1979.
GORDON, M. Interview with William Labov. Journal of English linguistics, 34(4), pp. 332-351. 2006.
JENSEN, J.B. The Feature [±human] as a Constraint on the Occurrence of Third-person Subject Pronouns in Spanish. Hispania, 56(1), pp. 116-122. 1973.
JOHNSON, D.E. Getting off the GoldVarb standard: Introducing Rbrul for mixed effects variable rule analysis. Language and linguistics compass, 3(1), pp. 359-383. 2009.
KATO, M.A.; NEGRÃO, E.V. Brazilian Portuguese and the null subject parameter (Vol. 4). Iberoamericana. 2000.
KERN, J.J. Discourse-pragmatic features in English and Spanish among bilinguals. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Arizona. 2016.
KERSWILL, P. Contact and new varieties. In The Handbook of Language in Contact, edited by Raymond Hickey, pp. 230-251. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. 2010.
KITTILÄ, S.; YLIKOSKI, J.; VÄSTI, K.: Case, Animacy and Semantic Roles. Typological Studies in Language, 99. 2011.
LABOV, W. Hypercorrection by the lower middle class as a factor in linguistic change. Sociolinguistics, 84, p. 113. 1966.
LABOV, W. Sociolinguistic patterns (No. 4). University of Pennsylvania Press. 1972.
LIPSKI, J. Too close for comfort? the genesis of “portuñol/portunhol”. In Selected Proceedings of the 8th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium (pp. 1-22). 2006.
MEYERHOFF, M . Animacy in Bismala? In Variation in Indigenous Minority Languages. Eds. Stanford and Preston, pp. 369-396. 2009a.
MEYERHOFF, M. Replication, transfer, and calquing: Using variation as a tool in the study of language contact. Language Variation and Change, 21(03), pp. 297-317. 2009b.
MOUGEON, R. and NADASDI, T. Sociolinguistic discontinuity in minority language communities. Language, pp. 40-55. 1998.
MÜLLER DE OLIVEIRA, G. ∫: monolingüismo e preconceito lingüístico. Rev Linguagem, 11(1), pp. 1-9. 2009.
NAGY, N. A sociolinguistic view of null subjects and VOT in Toronto heritage languages. Lingua, 164, pp. 309-327. 2015.
NAGY, N.G.; AGHDASI, N.; DENIS, D.; MOTUT, A. Null subjects in heritage languages: Contact effects in a cross-linguistic context. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics, 17(2), p. 16. 2011.
NAGY, N.; MEYERHOFF, M. Introduction. Social lives in language. Meyerhoff, Miriam & Nagy, Naomi (éds.). Social lives in language. Sociolinguistics and multilingual speech communities, pp. 1-16. 2008.
NARO, A.; SCHERRE, M. Origem do português brasileiro. Parábola. 2007.
OTHEGUY, R.; ZENTELLA, A.C. Spanish in New York: Language contact, dialectal leveling, and structural continuity (Vol. 203). OUP USA. 2012.
PACHECO, C.S. Identidade sociolinguística na fronteira de Aceguá (Brasil-Uruguai). Revista de Estudos da Linguagem. 25 (1), pp. 276-304. 2017.
POPLACK, SHANA. 1988. Language status and language accommodation along a linguistic border. In GURT 87: Language spread and language policy: issues, implications, and case studies, ed. by Lowenberg, P., pp. 90-118. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
POPLACK, S. Variation theory and language contact. American dialect research, pp. 251-286. 1993.
POPLACK, S. The sociolinguistic dynamics of apparent convergence. AMSTERDAM STUDIES IN THE THEORY AND HISTORY OF LINGUISTIC SCIENCE SERIES 4, pp. 285-310. 1997.
POPLACK, S.; LEVEY, S. Contact-induced grammatical change: A cautionary tale. Language and space: An international handbook of linguistic variation, 1, pp. 391-419. 2010.
POPLACK, S.; MEECHAN, M. How Languages Fit Together in Codemixing. International journal of bilingualism, 2(2), pp. 127-138. 1998.
POPLACK, S.; SANKOFF, D.; MILLER, C. The social correlates and linguistic processes of lexical borrowing and assimilation. Linguistics, 26(1), pp. 47-104. 1988.
POPLACK, S., ZENTZ, L.; DION, N. Phrase-final prepositions in Quebec French: An empirical study of contact, code-switching and resistance to convergence. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 15(02), pp. 203-225. 2012.
PRADA PÉREZ, A. First person singular subject pronoun expression in Spanish in contact with Catalan. Subject Pronoun Expression in Spanish: A Cross-Dialectal Perspective, p. 121. 2015.
RAVINDRANATH, M. Sociolinguistic Variation and Language Contact. Language and Linguistics Compass, 9(6), pp. 243-255. 2015.
SHIN, N.L.; MONTES-ALCALÁ, C. El uso contextual del pronombre sujeto como factor predictivo de la influencia del inglés en el español de Nueva York [English influence on Spanish in New York: Evidence from subject pronouns in context]. Sociolinguistic Studies, 8(1), p. 85. 2014.
SHIN, N.L.; VAN BUREN, J. Maintenance of Spanish subject pronoun expression patterns among bilingual children of farmworkers in Washington/Montana. Spanish in Context, 13(2), pp. 173-194. 2016.
SILVA-CORVALÁN, C. Language Contact and Change: Spanish in Los Angeles. Oxford University Press. 1994.
SORACE, A. Pinning down the concept of “interface” in bilingualism. Linguistic approaches to bilingualism, 1(1), pp. 1-33. 2011.
TAGLIAMONTE, S.A. Comparative sociolinguistics (pp. 128-156). John Wiley & Sons. 2013.
TORRES CACOULLOS, R.; AARON, J.E. Bare English-origin nouns in Spanish: Rates, constraints, and discourse functions. Language Variation and Change,15(3), pp. 289-328. 2003.
TORRES CACOULLOS, R., TRAVIS, C. Variable yo expression in New Mexico: English influence? Spanish of the Southwest: A language in transition, Susana Rivera-Mills & Daniel Villa (eds.), 185-206. Frankfurt: Iberoamericana/Vervuert. 2010.
TRAVIS, C.E. Genre effects on subject expression in Spanish: Priming in narrative and conversation. Language variation and change, 19(02), pp. 101-135. 2007.
TRAVIS, C.; TORRES CACOULLOS, R. Foundations for the Study of Subject Pronoun Expression in Spanish in Contact with English: Assessing Interlinguistic (Dis) similarity via Intralinguistic Variability. In Ana Carvalho, Rafael Orozco, Rafael, and Naomi Shin (eds.) Subject pronoun expression in Spanish: A Cross-dialectal Perspective. 2015.
VANDRESEN, P. Estudo comparative do bilinguismo em duas áreas de colonização alemã. In Carvalho, Ana M. (ed.) Português em contato. 2009.
WALTERMIRE, M. Social stratification of language-specific variants of intervocalic/d/along the Uruguayan-Brazilian border. Sociolinguistic Studies,2(1), pp. 31-60. 2008.
WEINREICH, U. Languages in Contact. New York: Linguistic Circle of New York. Indian Journal of American Studies, 1953.
WEINREICH, U.; LABOV, W; HERZOG, M.I. Empirical foundations for a theory of language change. 1968.
ZABRODSKAJA, A. Morphosyntactic contact-induced language change among young speakers of Estonian Russian. The interplay of variation and change in contact settings, pp. 77-106. 2013.
O periódico Cadernos de Estudos Linguísticos utiliza a licença do Creative Commons (CC), preservando assim, a integridade dos artigos em ambiente de acesso aberto.