Resumo
Los altos niveles de fallas referenciales lingüísticas se asocian con la propensión a desarrollar trastornos del espectro de la esquizofrenia, y se ha demostrado que estas fallas pueden diferenciar grupos con sujetos sanos, con alta esquizotipia y con esquizofrenia. Sin embargo, pocas investigaciones se han centrado en si los rasgos esquizotípicos en poblaciones no clínicas también pueden afectar la referencia lingüística. En portugués brasileño, solo se había realizado un estudio previo (tarea de juicios de aceptabilidad), y sus resultados sugieren una asociación entre rasgos esquizotípicos y una preferencia más rígida por la asignación de lecturas específicas a DP singulares definidos. Aquí, presentamos otro estudio experimental en portugués brasileño, una tarea de comprensión diseñada para examinar los posibles efectos de los rasgos de personalidad esquizotípicos en la interpretación de DP singulares definidos. Los hallazgos, en línea con los resultados anteriores, apoyan la conclusión de que la esquizotipia afecta la interpretación de DP singulares definidos en portugués brasileño. Juntos, estos dos experimentos sugieren que los rasgos de personalidad esquizotípicos impactan en la integración de la información contextual lingüística en el significado semántico de DP definidos. Esto es consistente con la hipótesis general de que la esquizotipia, al igual que la esquizofrenia, está asociada con dificultades pragmáticas. Sin embargo, nuestros resultados enfatizan que el impacto de los rasgos esquizotípicos en la pragmática se puede observar incluso en hablantes sanos (no clínicos).
Referências
AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION. (2013). DSM-V: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. (5th ed). Washington, DC: The Association.
BADDELEY, A.G. & HITCH. G. (1993). The recency effect: implicit learning with explicit retrieval? Memory & Cognition, 21(2), 146-155.
BARRERA, A., HANDEL, A., KONDEL, T.K. & LAWS, K.R. (2015). Formal Thought Disorder: Self-report in non-clinical populations. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 15(1), 155-167.
BELL, M.D., G., BYSON, B., & WEXLER (2001). Verbal working memory impairment in Schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 660-661. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.158.4.660.
BERGMAN, A.J., HARVEY, P.D., ROITMAN, S.L., MOHS, R.C., MARDER, D., SILVERMAN, J.M., & SIEVER, L.J. (1998). Verbal learning and memory in schizotypal personality disorder. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 24(4), 635-641. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033355
BLAKEMORE, D. (2002). Relevance and linguistic meaning: the semantic and pragmatic of discourse markers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
BLEULER, E. (1950 [1911]) Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias. New York: International Universities Press.
CHAMPAGNE-LAVAU, M., STIP, E., & JOANETTE, Y. (2006). Social cognition deficit in schizophrenia: Accounting for pragmatic deficits in communication abilities? Current Psychiatry Reviews, 2(3), 309-315.
CHAVES, M.F. (2017). Linguagem na Esquizotipia: um estudo sobre referencialidade [Language in Schizotypy: a study on referentiality]. Master thesis, Rio de Janeiro, RJ: Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro.
CLARIDGE, G. (1994). Single indicator of risk for schizophrenia: probable fact or likely myth? Schizophrenia Bulletin, 20(1), 151-168.
CLARIDGE, G. (2003). Personality and Psychological Disorders. London, UK: Arnold.
CLARIDGE, G., & BEECH, T. (1995). Fully and quasi-dimensional constructions of schizotypy. In: Raine, A., Lencz, T., Mednick, S.A. (Eds.) Schizotypal Personality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 192-216.
ÇOKAL, D., SEVILLA, G., JONES, W.S., ZIMMERER, V., DEAMER, F., DOUGLAS, M., SPENCER, H., TURKINGTON, D., FERRIER, N., VARLEY, R., WATSON S., & HINZEN, W. (2018). The language profile of formal thought disorder. NPJ Schizophrenia, 4(1), 18. doi:10.1038/s41537-18-0061-9
DAYAL, V. (2004). Number marking and (in)definiteness in kind terms. Linguistics and Philosophy, 27(4), 393-450.
DEBBANÉ, M., & BARRANTES-VIDAL, N., (2014). Schizotypy from a developmental perspective. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 41(2), 386–395. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbu175
DITMAN, T., & KUPERBERG, G.R. (2007). The time course of building discourse coherence in schizophrenia: an ERP investigation. Psychophysiology, 44(6), 991-1001.
DITMAN, T., GOFF, D., & KUPERBERG, G.R. (2011). Slow and steady: sustained effects of lexico-semantic associations can mediate referential impairments in schizophrenia. Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience, 11(2), 245-58. doi:10.3758/s13415-011-0020-7
DITMAN, T., HOLCOMB, P.J. & KUPERBERG, G.R. (2007). The contribution of lexico-semantic and discourse information to the resolution of ambiguous categorical anaphors. Language and Cognitive Processes, 22(6), 793-827. https://doi.org/10.1080/01690960601057126
DOBROVIE-SORIN, C., & OLIVEIRA, R.P. (2008) Reference to kinds in Brazilian Portuguese: the definite singular vs. bare singulars. In: GRØNN, Atle (Ed.) Proceedings of SuB12, Oslo: ILOS.
DOCHERTY, N. M., (1995). Linguistic reference performance in parents of schizophrenic patients. Psychiatry, 58(1), 20-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.1995.11024708
DOCHERTY, N.M., COHEN, A.S., NIENOW, T.M., DINZEO, T.J., & DANGELMAIER R.E. (2003). Stability of formal thought disorder and referential communication disturbances in schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112(3), 469-475. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0021-843X.112.3.469
DOCHERTY, N.M., GORDINIER, S.W., HALL, M.J. & CUTTING L.P. (1999). Communication disturbances in relatives beyond the age of risk for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 25(4), 851-862. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033424
DOCHERTY, N.M., RHINEWINE, P.J., LABHART P.R., & GORDINIER, W. S. (1998). Communication disturbances and family psychiatric history in parents of schizophrenic patients. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 186(12), 761-768.
FERREIRA, M.B., & CORREIA, C.N. (2016). The Semantics of DPs. In: W. L. Wetzels, J. Costa and S. Menuzzi (eds). The Handbook of Portuguese Linguistics. Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell.
FRAME, C. L. & OLTMANNS, T. F. (1982). Serial recall by schizophrenic and affective patients during and after psychotic episodes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 91, 311-318.
FRANÇA, I., & MAIA, M. (2015). Entrevista: Interview with Wolfram Hinzen. Revista Linguística, 11(1). http://doi.org/10.17074/2238-975X.2015v11n1p20.
FRAZIER, L. (1978). On comprehending sentences: Syntactic parsing strategies. PhD Thesis, University of Connecticut.
FRAZIER, L., & C. Jr., CLIFTON (2005). The syntax-discourse divide: processing ellipsis. Syntax, 8(2), 121-174.
GIBSON, E., PEARLMUTTER, N., CANSECO-GONZALEZ, E., & HICKOK, G. (1996). Recency preference in the human sentence processing mechanism. Cognition, 59: 23-59.
GRIFFIN, Z.N. (2002). Recency for meaning in form in word selection. Brain and language, 80: 465-487.
HINZEN, W. (2016). On the grammar of referential dependence. Studies in Logic, 46(1), 11-33.
HINZEN, W. (2017). Reference across pathologies: a new linguistic lens on disorders of thought. Theoretical Linguistics, 43 (3-4), 169-232.
KIANG, M. (2010). Schizotypy and language: a review. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 23(3), 193-203.
KIMBLE, M., LYONS, M., O’DONNELL, B., NESTOR, P., NIZNIKIEWICZ, M., & TOOMEY, R. (2000). The effect of family status and schizotypy on electrophysiologic measures of attention and semantic processing. Biological Psychiatry, 47(5), 402-412. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00184-5
KINTSCH, W., & VAN DIJK, T. A. (1978). Toward a model of text comprehension and production. Psychological Review, 85(5), 363-394.
KRAEPELIN, E. (1971 [1919]). Dementia Praecox and Paraphrenia. Robert E. Krieger Publishing Co., Huntington, New York.
KUPERBERG, G.R. (2008) Building meaning in schizophrenia. Clinical EEG and Neuroscience, 39(2), 99-102. https://doi.org/10.1177/155005940803900216
LANGDON, R., & COLTHEART, M. (2004). Recognition of metaphor and irony in young adults: the impact of schizotypal personality traits. Psychiatry Research, 125(1), 9-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2003.10.005
LANGDON, R., COLTHEART, M., WARD, P.B., & CATTS, S.V. (2002). Disturbed communication in schizophrenia: the role of poor pragmatics and poor mind-reading. Psychological Medicine, 32(7),1273-1284. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291702006396
LENZENWEGER, M. (2006). Schizotypy: an organizing framework for schizophrenia Research. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15(4), 162-166.
LENZENWEGER, M.F. (2010). Schizotypy and Schizophrenia: the view from experimental psychopathology. New York: Guilford Press.
LENZENWEGER, M.F. (2015). Thinking clearly about schizotypy: hewing to the schizophrenia liability core, considering interesting tangents, and avoiding conceptual quicksand. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 41(2), 483-491. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbu184
LENZENWEGER, M.F., MILLER, A.B., MAHER, B.A., & MANSCHRECK, T.C. (2007). Schizotypy and individual differences in the frequencyof normal associations in verbal utterances. Schizophrenia Research, 95(1-3), 96-102.
LEROY, F., PEZARD, L., NANDRINO, J.L., & BEAUNE, D. (2005). Dynamical quantification of schizophrenic speech. Psychiatry Research, 133(2), 159-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2004.07.009
MARSH, J.E., VACHON, F., & SÖRQVIST, P. (2017). Increased distractibility in schizotypy: Independent of individual differences in working memory capacity? Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 70(3), 565-578. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2016.1172094
McELREE, B. (2006). Accessing recent events. Psychology of Learning and Motivation 46, 155-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-7421(06)46005-9
MEEHL, P.E. (1962). Schizotaxia, schizotypy, schizophrenia. American Psychologist, 17(12), 827-838.
MEEHL, P.E. (1990). Toward an integrated theory of schizotaxia, schizotypy and schizophrenia. Journal of Personality Disorders, 4(1), 1–99.
MITCHELL, R.L., & CROW, T.J. (2005). Right hemisphere language functions and schizophrenia: the forgotten hemisphere? Brain, 128(5), 963-978. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awh466
MORRISON, A.B., CONWAY, A.R.A., & CHEIN, J.M. (2014). Primacy and recency effects as indices of focus of attention. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 24(8):6, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00006
MURRAY, J.D. (1994). Logical connectives and local coherence. In Lorch, R.F., & E. O' Brien, J. (eds.) Sources of cohesion in text comprehension. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
MURRAY, J.D. (1997). Connectives and narrative text: the role of continuity. Memory & Cognition, 25(2), 227-236. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03201114
NUNN, J., & PETERS, E. (2001). Schizotypy and patterns of lateral asymmetry on hemisphere-specific language tasks. Psychiatry Research, 103(2), 179-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-1781(01)00273-6
RAINE, A. (1991). The SPQ: A scale for the assessment of schizotypal personality based on DSM-III-R criteria. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 17(4), 555-564. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/17.4.555
RAINE, A. (2006). Schizotypal personality: neurodevelopmental and psychosocial trajectories. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 2(1), 291-326. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.2.022305.095318
RAPP, A.M., LANBOHR, K., MUTSCHLER, D.E., KLINGBERG, S., WILD, B., & ERB, M. (2010). Neural correlates of irony comprehension: the role of schizotypal personality traits. Brain Language, 113(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2009.11.007
ROCHESTER, S.R. & MARTIN, J.R. (1979). Crazy Talk: a study of the discourse of schizophrenic speakers. New York, NY: Plenum.
STEPHANE M., PELLIZZER G. The dynamic architecture of working memory in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 92: 160-167.
VOGLMAIER, M.M., SEIDMAN, L.J., NIZNIKIEWICZ, M.A., DICKEY, C.C., SHENTON, M.E., & McCARLEY, R.W. (2000). Verbal and nonverbal neuropsychological test performance in subjects with schizotypal personality disorder. The American journal of psychiatry, 157(5), 787-793. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.157.5.787.
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2020 Cadernos de Estudos Lingüísticos