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Resumo
Uma questão controversa em ACV é a escolha do método de distribuição de impactos nos processos multifuncionais, isto é: que geram mais de um produto ou serviço. A ISO 14044:2006 sugere que se tente evitar a alocação, utilizando: (i) divisão do processo multifuncional em dois ou mais subprocessos unitários; ou (ii) expansão do sistema de produto para incluir as funções adicionais relativas aos co-produtos. Caso isto não seja possível, as entradas e saídas do sistema devem ser divididas com base em alguma relação física fundamental entre produtos. Caso a relação física não seja identificada, os fluxos devem ser divididos refletindo outras relações entre produtos, por exemplo, seu valor econômico. Este artigo visa delinear um panorama científico do uso de métodos de distribuição de 2006 a 2016. Para tanto, realizou-se uma revisão sistemática de literatura e documentou-se a frequência de escolha dos métodos nos estudos realizados no período considerado. Os resultados revelaram uma falta de consenso entre praticantes de ACV. A maioria dos estudos adota a abordagem do impacto evitado (equivalente à expansão do sistema), enquanto o primeiro passo proposto pela ISO 14044 (subdivisão) foi o método menos usado. Nossa avaliação confirmou que o problema de distribuição de impactos é tipicamente solucionado de forma contrária ao encaminhamento teórico proposto na norma, sugerindo uma oportunidade de reflexão e reformulação.
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