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After a brief examination of some of the major theories of reference propounded from Frege's pioneering work onwards, it is argued the singular is that which invariably escapes every attempt to pin it down by means of the familiar resources available to language users and, naturally therefore, also that which defies every attempt by the languages theorist to represent it within the framework of a formal theory.Referências
DONNELLAN, K. (1966). 'Reference and definite descriptions'. Philosophical Review. 15. pp. 281-304.
FREGE, G. (1892). 'Über Sinn und Bedeutung'. Zeitschrift for Philosophie und philophische Kritik. Vol. 100. pp. 25-50.
KAPLAN, D. (1978). 'Dthat'. In Cole, p. (Org.) Syntax and Semantics Vol. 9. Pragmatics. Nova Iorque: Academic Press. pp. 221-243.
KRIPKE, S. (1972). 'Naming and necessity '. Em Davidson, D. e Harman, G. (Orgs.). Semantics of Natural Language. Dordrecht-Holland: Reidel. pp. 253-355.
MILL, J.S. (1843). A System of Lagic. Londres: Longman's.
QUINE, W. V. O. (1953 [1967]). 'On what there is'. Em Cpoi, . I.M. e Gould J.A, (Orgs.). Contemporary Readings in Logical Theory. Nova Iorque: The Macmillan Co. pp. 165-178.
QUINE, W. V. O. (1960). Word and Object. Nova Iorque; John Wiley.
QUINE, W. V. O. (1968 [1971]). 'The inscrutability of reference'. Em Steinberg, D.D. e Jakobovits, L. A (Orgs.). Semantics: An Interdisciplinary Reader in Philosophy, Linguistics, and Psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 142-156.
RUSSELL, B. (1911). 'Knowledge by acquaintance and know1edge by description.' Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society. Vol. 11. pp. 108-128.
WITTGENSTEIN, L. (1953). Philosophical Investigations. Londres: Blackwell. ZIFF, P. (1960). Semantic Analysis. Ithaca, Nova Iorque: Cornell University Press.
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