Palavras-chave
Como Citar
Resumo
O artigo aborda a persistente segregação racial e socioeconômica no sistema educacional básico dos Estados Unidos, a qual não somente estratifica o alunado dessa nação, mas tem assumido preocupantes proporções, a ponto de se caracterizar, de acordo com expressiva parcela de pesquisadores da área, como um verdadeiro regime de apartheid educacional. São explorados a concentração de renda existente nessa sociedade, a mais desigual dentre os países desenvolvidos, mesmo sendo aquele a maior potência econômica, política, militar e cultural do mundo, bem como os preocupantes indicadores de saúde e pobreza infantis, os quais igualmente posicionam aquela nação entre as de pior desempenho entre os membros da Organização para Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico. Tal desigualdade socioeconômica se reflete na educação, conformando um sistema escolar cuja dualidade é nitidamente engendrada desde antes do ingresso das crianças na vida escolar institucional, perpassando toda a trajetória acadêmica dos discentes.Referências
Adamson, P. et al. (2013). Child well-being in rich countries: A comparative overview. Retirado em 10 de maio de 2016, de https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/rc11_eng.pdf.
Berliner, D. C. (2009). Poverty and potential: Out-of-school factors and school success. Education Policy Research Unit. Retirado em 26 de maio de 2016, de http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ed507359.pdf.
Berliner, D. C. (2013). Inequality, poverty, and the socialization of America’s youth for the responsibilities of citizenship. Theory into Practice, 52(3), 203-209.
Borman, K. M. et al. (2004). Accountability in a postdesegregation era: The continuing significance of racial segregation in Florida’s schools. American Educational Research Journal, 41(3), 605-631.
Cody, A. (2014). The educator and the oligarchy: A teacher challenges. New York: Garn.
Dumenil, G., & Levy, D. (2004). Capital resurgent: Roots of the neoliberal revolution. Cambridge: Harvard University.
Dumenil, G., & Levy, D. (2011). The crisis of neoliberalism. London: Harvard University.
Duncan, G. J., & Murnane, R. J. (Eds.). (2011). Whither opportunity?: Rising inequality, schools, and children’s life chances. New York: Russell Sage.
Erickson, M. (2015). Class war: The privatization of childhood. London: Verso.
Goldhader, D. D., Brewer, D. J., & Anderson, D. J. (1999). A three-way error components analysis of educational productivity. Education Economics, 7(3), 199-208.
Haertel, E. (2013). Reliability and validity of inferences about teachers based on student test scores. In The 14th William H. Angoff Lecture presented at the National Club. Retirado em 24 de fevereiro, de 2016 de https://www.ets.org/media/research/pdf/picang14.pdf.
Johnson, R. C. (2012). The grandchildren of Brown: The long legacy of school desegregation (Artigo não publicado). Retirado em 1º de junho de 2016, de http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~ruckerj/rjabstract_browndeseg_grandkids.pdf.
Kirp, D. L. (2012, 19 de maio). Making schools work. The New York Times. Retirado em 1.º de junho de 2016, de http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/20/opinion/sunday/integration-worked-whyhave-we-rejected-it.html?_r=0.
Kozol, J. (2006). The shame of the nation: The restoration of apartheid schooling in America. New York: Crown.
Kozol, J. (2012). Savage inequalities: Children in America’s schools. New York: Broadway. Ladd, H. et al. (2016, 10 de maio). Student poverty isn’t an excuse; it’s a barrier. Education Week. Retirado em 26 de maio de 2016, de http://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2016/05/11/student-poverty-isnt-an-excuse-itsa.html.
Macartney, S. E. (2011). Child poverty in the United States 2009 and 2010: Selected race groups and Hispanic origin. US Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, US Census Bureau. Retirado em 13 de maio de 2016, de https://www.census.gov/prod/2011pubs/acsbr10-05.pdf.
National Center for Health Statistics. (2011). Births: Preliminary data for 2010. National Vital Statistics Reports with Web Release, 60(2), 1-26.
National Scientific Council on the Developing Child. (2014). Excessive stress disrupts the development of brain architecture. Journal of Children’s Services, 9(2) 143-153.
Nye, B., Konstantopoulos, S., & Hedges, L. V. (2004). How large are teacher effects? Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 26(3), 237-257.
Orfield, G., Kucsera, J., & Siegel-Hawley, G. (2012). E pluribus... separation: Deepening double segregation for more students. Civil Rights Project/Proyecto Derechos Civiles. Retirado em 30 de maio de 2016, de http://escholarship.org/uc/item/8g58m2v9.pdf.
Orfield, G., & Lee, C. (2005). Why segregation matters. The Civil Rights Project at Harvard University. Retirado em 26 de maio de 2016, de https://civilrightsproject.ucla.edu/research/k-12-education/integration-anddiversity/why-segregation-matters-poverty-and-educational-inequality/orfield-whysegregation-matters-2005.pdf.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). (2012). Equity and quality in education: Supporting disadvantaged students and schools. Retirado em 12 de maio de 2016, de https://www.oecd.org/education/school/50293148.pdf.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). (2013). OECD. Stat. Retirado em 12 de maio de 2016, de http://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?queryid=66670.
Ravitch, D. (2013). Reign of error: The hoax of the privatization movement and the danger to America’s public schools. New York: Basic.
Reardon, S. F. (2013, 27 de abril). No rich child left behind. The New York Times. Retirado em 9 de maio de 2016, de http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/27/no-rich-childleft-behind/?_r=0.
Reardon, S. F., & Bischoff, K. (2011). Income inequality and income segregation. American Journal of Sociology, 116(4), 1.092-1.153.
Rothstein, R. (2004). Class and schools: Using social, economic, and educational reform to close the achievement gap. Washington, DC: Economic Policy.
Saez, E., & Zucman, G. (2014). Wealth inequality in the United States since 1913: Evidence from capitalized income tax data. Slides July. Retirado em 12 de maio de 2016, de https://eml.berkeley.edu/~saez/lecture_saez_chicago14.pdf.
United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) et al. (2016). Fairness for children. A league table of inequality in child well-being in rich countries. Retirado em 10 de maio de 2016, de https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/rc13_eng.pdf.
United States of America. (2002, janeiro). No Children Left Behind Act. U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Retirado em 15 de maio de 2015, de http://www2.ed.gov/policy/elsec/leg/esea02/107-110.pdf.
United States of America. (2014, 28 de janeiro). President Barack Obama’s State of the Union Address. The White House. Retirado em 14 de maio de 2016, de https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/01/28/president-barackobamas-state-union-address.
United States of America. (2015, 2 de junho). Per pupil spending varies heavily across the United States. United States Census Bureau Website. Retirado em 14 de maio de 2016, de http://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2015/cb15-98.html.
World Health Organization et al. (2012). Born too soon: The global action report on preterm birth. World Health Organization: Geneva. Retirado em 23 de maio de 2016, de http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/44864/1/9789241503433_eng.pdf.
A Proposições utiliza a licença do Creative Commons (CC), preservando assim, a integridade dos artigos em ambiente de acesso aberto.