Keywords
Food system
Agro-ecology
Public policy
Brazil
How to Cite
Abstract
Introduction: Brazil’s agri-food sector, traditionally being a low productivity sector, has evolved towards significant investment in technology-driven large-scale agribusiness, making Brazil a major food exporter. An increase in intensive large-scale agriculture production, while benefiting Brazil’s economy and export revenues, has also resulted in significant social and environmental externalities. With the aim to improve food security and more equitable access to food, Brazil’s federal government has intervened with a range of policies and initiatives to eliminate hunger and incentivize more sustainable practices for improved environmental outcomes. Objective: The paper provides an overview of the agri-food policy landscape, and policy innovations since the early 2000s intending to drive a transition towards a more sustainable and equitable agri-food system. Results and Discussion: It also highlights the challenges in implementing policies and programmes in the context of Brazil’s agrarian structures, vested interests and political conflicts surrounding the allocation of public assets. Successful implementation will require further innovation, collaboration and inclusive partnerships to foster food system transformation pathways towards the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals.
References
- Healthy people depend on healthy food systems. Sustainable food systems for food security and nutrition [Internet]. Rome: FAO, 2013 [cited 2018 Apr 15]. Available from: http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/getinvolved/images/WFD_issues_paper_2013_web_EN.pdf.
- United Nations Environment Programme. Food Systems and Natural Resources: A Report of the Working Group on Food Systems of the International Resource Panel. UNEP, 2016. Number: DTI/1982/PA. UNEP. ISBN: 978-92-807-3560-4.
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Towards the future we want. End hunger and make the transition to sustainable agricultural and food systems [Internet]. Rome: FAO, 2012 [cited 2018 Apr 15]. Available from: http://www.fao.org/docrep/015/an894e/an894e00.pdf.
- International Panel of Experts on Sustainable Food systems. From uniformity to diversity: a paradigm shift from industrial agriculture to diversified agro ecological systems [Internet]. IPES-FOOD, 2016 [cited 2018 Apr 15]. Available from: http://www.ipes-food.org/_img/upload/files/UniformityToDiversity_FULL.pdf.
- Miles S. Stakeholder Theory Classification: A Theoretical and Empirical Evaluation of Definitions. J Bus Ethics. 2017;142(3):437–59. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10551-015-2741-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2741-y.
- High Level Panel of Experts. Food losses and waste in the context of sustainable food systems. A report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security [Internet]. Rome: HLPE, 2014 [cited 2018 Apr 15]. Available from: http://www.fao.org/3/a-i3901e.pdf.
- Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Estimativas da população residente para os municípios e para as unidades da federação brasileiros com data de referência em 1º de julho de 2017 [Internet]. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE, 2017 [cited 2018 Apr 15]. Available from: https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/livros/liv100923.pdf.
- Institute for Social Research. Popular agrarian reform and the struggle for land in Brazil. Dossier nº 27. [Internet]. Tricontinental: Institute for Social Research. April, 2020. [cited 2023 Oct 28]. Available from: https://thetricontinental.org/dossier-27-land/.
- The Nature Conservancy. Sustainable Agriculture: Efficient and Responsible Use of Natural Resources in Brazil [Internet]. Rio de Janeiro: TNC, 2016 [cited 2018 Apr 15]. Available from: https://www.nature.org/media/brasil/sustainable-agriculture-brazil.pdf.
- Sambuichi RHR, Silva APM, Oliveira MAC, Savian M. Políticas agroambientais e sustentabilidade: desafios, oportunidades e lições aprendidas [Internet]. Brasília: Ipea, 2014 [cited 2018 Apr 15]. Available from: http://www.ipea.gov.br/portal/images/stories/PDFs/livros/livros/livro_politicasagroambientais.pdf.
- Paes de Barros D. A transição para as políticas agroambientais no Brasil. The Transition to agri environmental policies in Brazil [Internet]. Cuiabá; 2012 [cited 2018 Apr 15]. Available from: http://www.publicadireito.com.br/artigos/?cod=4764f37856fc727f.
- Candiotto LZP. Organic products policy in Brazil. Land use policy [Internet]. 2018;71:422–30. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S026483771730176X?via%3Dihub DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.12.014.
- Paula N, Delgado N. Fragmentation of Brazilian Food System Between Global Markets and Food Security. J Food Secur. 2016;4(5):120–25. Available from: https://pubs.sciepub.com/jfs/4/5/3/index.html.
- Paulino ET. The agricultural, environmental and socio-political repercussions of Brazil's land governance system. Land use policy. 2014;36:134–44. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264837713001464?via%3Dihub DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2013.07.009.
- International Food Policy Research Institute. Food System Transformations: Brazil, Rwanda, and Vietnam. World Economic Forum (WEF) and Global Agenda Council (GAC) on Food and Nutrition Security [Internet]. IFPRI; 2016 [cited 2018 Apr 15]. Available from: https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/WEF_NVA_Food_System_Transformation_Case_Studies.pdf.
- Leonel Júnior G. The right to agroecology. Using the law to support sustainable farming in Brazil [Internet]. Brussels: FERN; 2018 [cited 2018 Apr 15]. Available from: http://fern.org/report/RightToAgroecology.
- The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Innovation, Agricultural Productivity and Sustainability in Brazil. OECD Food and Agricultural Reviews. Paris: OECD; 2015. Available from: DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264237056-en.
- Wienke FF. As políticas de Pagamento por Serviços Ambientais direcionados à Agroecologia: da emergência da experiência europeia e da inexistência de mecanismos no Brasil. Rev Direito Agrár Agroambient. 2016;2(2):59–78. Available from : https://indexlaw.org/index.php/rdaa/article/view/1247.
- Sonnino R, Torres CL, Schneider S. Reflexive governance for food security: The example of school feeding in Brazil. J Rural Stud [Internet]. 2014;36:1–12. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0743016714000709?via%3Dihub DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2014.06.003.
- Blanc J, Kledal PR. The Brazilian organic food sector: Prospects and constraints of facilitating the inclusion of smallholders. J Rural Stud. 2012;28(1):142–54. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0743016711000921?via%3Dihub DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2011.10.005.
- Sambuichi RHR., Spínola PAC, Mattos LM, Ávila ML, Moura IF, Silva APM. Análise da construção da Política Nacional de Agroecologia e Produção Orgânica no Brasil. Texto para discussão [Internet]. Rio de Janeiro: IPEA; 2017 [cited 2018 Apr 15]. Available from: http://ainfo.cnptia.embrapa.br/digital/bitstream/item/161371/1/td-2305.pdf.
- Rocha C. Developments in national policies for food and nutrition security in Brazil. Dev Policy Rev. 2009;27(1):51–66. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-7679.2009.00435.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7679.2009.00435.x.
- Wittman H, Blesh J. Food Sovereignty and Fome Zero: Connecting Public Food Procurement Programmes to Sustainable Rural Development in Brazil. Journal of Agrarian Change. 2017;17(1):81–105. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/joac.12131 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/joac.12131.
- Maluf RS, Burlandy L, Santarelli M, Schottz V, Speranza JS. Nutrition-sensitive agriculture and the promotion of food and nutrition sovereignty and security in Brazil [Internet]. Cien Saude Colet. 2015;20(8):2303–12 [cited 2018 Apr 15]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26221795.
- Brazil. Organization of Ministries Chamber of Agroecology and Organic Production. National Plan for Agroecology and Organic Production [Internet]. Brasília: MDA; 2016 [cited 2018 Apr 15]. Available from: http://www.mda.gov.br/sitemda/sites/sitemda/files/user_arquivos_19/Mont_cartilha_planapo_ingles.pdf.
- Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply - MAPA. ABC - Brazilian Agricultural Policy for Climate Adaptation and Low Carbon Emission (2020-2030). 2022. [cited 2023 Aug 09]. Available from: https://www.gov.br/agricultura/pt-br/assuntos/sustentabilidade/agricultura-de-baixa-emissao-de-carbono/publicacoes/abc-sumario-executivo-2022-ingles.pdf/view
- Buller LS, Bergier I, Ortega E, Moraes A, Bayma-Silva G, Zanetti MR. Soil improvement and mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions for integrated crop–livestock systems: Case study assessment in the Pantanal savanna highland, Brazil. Agric Syst [Internet]. 2015;137:206–19 [cited 2018 Apr 15]. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0308521X14001589?via%3Dihub DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2014.11.004.
- Gil JDB, Siebold M, Berger T. Adoption and development of integrated crop–livestock–forestry systems in Mato Grosso, Brazil. Agric Ecosyst Environ [Internet]. 2015;199:394–406. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S016788091400471X?via%3Dihub DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2014.10.008.
- Pacheco AR, Chaves RQ, Nicoli CML. Integration of crops, livestock, and forestry: a system of production for the Brazilian Cerrados [Internet]. 2013:51–61. In: Hershey CH, Neate P. (Ed.). Eco-efficiency: from vision to reality. Cali: CIAT; 2013 [cited 2018 Apr 15]. Available from: http://ainfo.cnptia.embrapa.br/digital/bitstream/item/84508/1/52.pdf.
- Gil JDB, Garrett R., Berger T. Determinants of crop-livestock integration in Brazil: Evidence from the household and regional levels. Land use policy. 2016;59:557–68. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0264837715300594?via%3Dihub DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.09.022.
- Lopes D, Lowery S. Rural Credit in Brazil: Challenges and Opportunities for Promoting Sustainable Agriculture [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2018 Apr. 15]. Available from: http://www.forest-trends.org/documents/files/doc_5016.pdf.
- Lamine C, Maréchal G, Darolt M. Ecological transitions within agri-food systems: a Franco-Brazilian comparison [Internet]. 8th AESOP-Sustainable Food Planning Conference, Nov 2017, Coventry, United Kingdom; 2017 [cited 2018 Apr. 15]. Available from: https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01579748/document
- Boddey RM, Xavier DF, Alves BJR, Urquiaga S. Brazilian Agriculture: The Transition to Sustainability. J Crop Prod. 2003;9:593–621. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J144v09n01_10 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1300/J144v09n01_10.
- Vilpoux OF. Agrarian reform and cooperation between settlers in the Midwest of Brazil: An institutional approach. Land use policy. 2014;39:65–77. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0264837714000611?via%3Dihub DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2014.03.011.
- Ministry of Health of Brazil. Secretariat of Health Care. National Register of Organic Producers [Internet]. Brasília: Ministry of Health of Brazil; 2023 [cited 2023 Aug 30]. Available from: https://www.gov.br/agricultura/pt-br/assuntos/sustentabilidade/organicos/cadastro-nacional-produtores-organicos.
- Willer H, Schlatter B, Trávníček J (Eds.) [Internet]. The World of Organic Agriculture. Statistics and Emerging Trends 2023. Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, Frick, and IFOAM – Organics International, Bonn. Online Version 2 of February 23, 2023 [cited 2023 Aug 30]. Available from: https://www.fibl.org/fileadmin/documents/shop/1254-organic-world-2023.pdf.
- Niederle P, Grisa C, Picolotto E, Soldera D. Narrative disputes on family farming public policies in Brazil: conservative attacks and restricted counter movements [Internet]. Conference Paper N. 12. The 5th International Conference of the BRICS Initiative for Critical Agrarian Studies. Moskou; 2017 [cited 2018 Apr 15]. Available from: https://www.iss.nl/sites/corporate/files/2017-11/BICAS%20CP%205-12%20Niederle%20et%20al.pdf.
- Ceolin, AS, Nogueira, LCK. Brazil’s return: Towards zero hunger (again). [Internet]. OPINION: Institute of Development Studies, 2023 [cited 2023 Aug 30]. Available from: https://www.ids.ac.uk/opinions/brazils-return-towards-zero-hunger-again/.
- FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP, WHO. 2023. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2023. Urbanization, agrifood systems transformation and healthy diets across the rural–urban continuum. Rome, FAO. Available from: https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/cc3017en DOI: https://doi.org/10.4060/cc3017en.
- Turtelli C. Com escalada de fome no Brasil, governo destrói programa alimentar [Internet]. UOL: Brasília 06/06/2022 [cited 2023 Aug 30]. Available from: https://noticias.uol.com.br/politica/ultimas-noticias/2022/06/06/com-escalada-de-fome-no-brasil-governo-destroi-programa-alimentar.htm.
- Zanella MA, Cardoso LV. Agri-environmental Policies in Brazil and Perspectives for Evaluation. OECD Workshop on the Evaluation of Agri-environmental Policies 20-22 June 2011 [Internet]. The Johann Heinrich von Thünen Institute, Bundesallee. Braunschweig, Germany; 2011 [cited 2018 Apr 15]. Available from: http://www.oecd.org/tad/sustainable-agriculture/48169582.pdf
- Ministry of Health of Brazil. Secretariat of Health Care. Primary Health Care Department. Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian population [Internet]. Brasília: Ministry of Health of Brazil; 2014 [cited 2018 Apr 15]. Available from: https://www.foodpolitics.com/wp-content/uploads/Brazilian-Dietary-Guidelines-2014.pdf.
- Devereux S, Maluf, RS. Brazil’s return: Food security and social protection. [Internet]. OPINION: Institute of Development Studies, 2023 [cited 2023 Aug. 30]. Available from: https://www.ids.ac.uk/opinions/brazils-return-food-security-and-social-protection/.
- Cabral, L, Sauer, S, Pomeroy, M. Brazil’s return to international development under Lula 3.0 [Internet]. OPINION: Institute of Development Studies, 2023 [cited 2023 Aug 30]. Available from: https://www.ids.ac.uk/opinions/brazils-return-to-international-development-under-lula-3-0/.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2023 Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional
Downloads
