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O leite de vaca é o mais consumido no Brasil e na maioria dos outros países. Neste produto a β-caseína representa aproximadamente 30% do total de proteínas, podendo esta estar presente como duas diferentes variantes de acordo com a genética do animal: β-caseína A1 e A2. O peptídeo opioide β-casomorfina-7 (BCM-7) pode ser liberado durante a digestão da β-caseína A1, no entanto sua liberação durante a digestão da β-caseína A2 é pequena à inexistente. Este artigo tem como objetivo discutir o potencial efeito do consumo das variantes genéticas A1 e A2 da β-caseína sobre o trato digestório. Existe um corpo de evidências apontando para a presença BCM-7 como responsável pela síndrome de intolerância ao leite não relacionada com a lactose, com efeitos sobre motilidade gastrintestinal e ação pró-inflamatória. Dada a complexidade das reações bioquímicas e fisiológica que se observam no ambiente intestinal é razoável esperar que os sintomas, quando presentes, irão variar dependendo da sensibilidade interpessoal. A avaliação do consumo de leite A2 como alternativa dietética entre indivíduos que reportam desconforto gastrointestinal por consumo de leite de vaca (não associado à lactose) é recomendável tendo em vista a importância que os lácteos representam no aporte de nutrientes fundamentais à saúde humana.
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