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Os notoungulados são ungulados nativos sul-americanos registrados do Paleoceno ao Pleistoceno, e cuja diversidade declinou drasticamente durante o Plioceno, alcançando a América Central e América do Norte durante o Pleistoceno. Notoungulados evoluíram sob influência climática e ambiental, de linhagens arcaicas, com sistema mastigatório generalizado, com dentição completa, sem diastema, com molares e pré-molares braquiodontes, a formas especializadas com incisivos hipertrofiados, padrões oclusais da coroa simplificados e formas proto-hipsodontes e eu-hipsodontes. Estas comunidades viveram primeiramente em hábitats florestais quentes e úmidos, e posteriormente, em pastagens relativamente temperadas de hábitats abertos, com forte tendência à aridização e ao resfriamento ao longo do Cenozoico. Além da evolução da morfologia macroscópica dentária observada em Notoungulata, também é possível evidenciar a evolução dos tipos de microestrutura do esmalte, através da presença de características mais derivadas em formas eu-hipsodontes, indicando adaptação funcional e conferindo maior resistência ao consumo de vegetação mais abrasiva.Referências
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