Palabras clave
Relieve
Teorías geomorfológicas
Cómo citar
Resumen
O conceito de equilíbrio foi e ainda é utilizado com frequência nos estudos geomorfológicos em contextos diferenciados de materiais, processos e formas. Trata-se de um conceito com diferentes nuances de significado e que tem por trás diversas concepções de tratamento teórico mas que no entanto parecem convergir no sentido de uma equivalência de forças manifesta em determinado sistema geomorfológico cujos resultados em termos de formas podem ser variados. Neste trabalho que é parte da tese de doutorado do autor, são levantadas e caracterizadas as principais abordagens dadas ao conceito de equilíbrio, por diferentes autores, a partir do século XIX até o início do século XXI. Conclui-se que a verificação ou não da condição de equilíbrio do relevo atual requer um adequado entendimento e consideração dos efeitos cumulativos de processos de curto, médio e longo prazos na paisagem de modo a se estabelecer no tempo um padrão (ou não) de transformação das formas.
Citas
Abrahams, A. D. (1968). Distinguishing between the concepts of steady state and dynamic equilibrium in Geomorphology. Earth Science Journal, 2(2), 160-166.
Abreu, A. A. de. (1980). Surell e as leis da morfologia fluvial. UNESP. São José do Rio Preto. Caderno Craton e Intracraton, (7), 1-13.
Ahnert, F. (1987). Approaches to dynamic equilibrium in theoretical simulations of slope development. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 12, 3-15.
Ahnert, F. (1994). Equilibrium, scale and inheritance in geomorphology. Geomorphology, 11, 125-140.
Baulig, H. (1950). Essais de Géomorphologie. Publications de la Faculté des Lettres de L’Université de Strasbourg. Fascicule 114. Paris VIe.
Baulig, H. (1957). Les méthodes de la géomorphologie d’après M. Pierre Birot (premier article). Annales de Géographie, LXVIe année (354).
Bertolini, W. Z. (2015). A alta bacia do rio Piranga (MG): estudo geomorfológico a propósito da condição de equilíbrio do relevo. Tese de Doutorado, São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, FFLCH. 207p.
Bertolini, W.Z; Cherem, L. F. S. (2016). Relação entre o relevo e a rede de drenagem na análise da condição de equilíbrio no alto rio Piranga (MG). Geografias, (12)1, 102-118.
Birot, P. (1958). Morphologie Structurale. Tome I: structure statique, forms structurales élémentaires. Paris. Presses universitaires de France. 167p.
Bracken, L. J.; Wainwright, J. (2006). Geomorphological equilibrium: myth and metaphor? Transactions Institute British Geography, (31) 167-178.
Bull, W. B. (1991). Geomorphic responses to climatic change. Oxford University Press, Newyork. Oxford.
Chorley, R. (1962). Geomorphology and general systems theory. U.S. Geological Survey Prof. Paper. 500B, 1-10.
Chorley, R. (1971). Geomorfologia e a teoria dos sistemas gerais. Trad. Antonio Christofoletti. Notícia Geomorfológica, 11(21), Campinas 3-22.
Chorley, R.; Kennedy, B. A. (1971). Physical Geography: a systems approach. Prentice-Hall, London, 370 p.
Christofoletti, A. (1973). As teorias geomorfológicas. Campinas, Notícia Geomorfológica, 13(25), 3-42.
Christofoletti, A. (1981). La noción de equilíbrio en geomorfologia fluvial. Revista de Geografía Norte Grande, 8, 69-86.
Davis, W. M. (1899). The Geographical Cycle. Geographical Journal of Royal Society 14, 481-504.
Davis, W. M. (1902). Base level, grade and peneplain. Journal of Geology. (10), 77-111.
Davis, W. M. (1954). Base-level, grade and peneplain. In: Geographical Essays. Ed. by Douglas Wilson Johnson. Dover Publications, Inc. 381-411.
Denbigh, K. (1951). Thermodynamics of the Steady State. Methuen. L.
Dury, G.H. (1966). The concept of grade. In: Dury, G. H (ed.). (1966). Essays in Geomorphology. New York, NY, Elsevier. p. 211-233.
Gilbert, K. G. (1877). Report on the Geology of Henry Mountains. U.S. Geog. Geol. Surv., Rocky Mountain Region.
Gilbert, K. G. (1909). The convexity of hilltops. The Journal of Geology, 17(4), 344-350.
Giusti, C. (2004). Geologues et geographes français face à la theorie davisienne (1896 -1909): retour sur l’intrusion de la géomorphologie dans la géographie. Géomorphologie: relief, processus, environnement, 3, 241-254.
Gregory K. J.; & Lewin, J. (2018). A hierarchical framework for concepts in physical geography. Progress in Physical Geography, 42(6), 721-738.
Hack, J.T. (1960). Interpretation of erosional topography in humid temperate regions. American Journal of Science, 258A, 80-97.
Hack, J. T. (1965). Geomorphology of the Shenandoah Valley Virginia and West Virginia and Origin of the residual ore deposits. Washington, DC., U.S. Geological Survey. Professional Paper 484
Hack, J. T. (1973). Stream-profile analysis and stream-gradient index. Journal Research U.S. Geol. Survey 1(4), 421-429.
Hack, J. T. (1975). Dynamic equilibrium and landscape evolution. In: Melhorn, W.; Flemal, R. (eds) (1975). Theories of Landform Development (chapter 5): Publications in Geomorphology. Suny Binghanton.
Hack, J.T. (1982). Physiographic divisions and differential uplift in the Piedmont and Blue Ridge. Washington, DC, U.S. Geological Survey professional paper. 1265
Hancock, G, Kirwan, M. (2007). Summit erosion rates deduced from 10Be: implications for relief production in the central Appalachians. Geology, 35(1), 89-92.
Houaiss, A.; & Villar, M. S. (2001). Dicionário Houaiss da Língua Portuguesa. Rio de Janeiro, Ed. Objetiva. 2922p.
Howard, A. D. (1965). Geomorphological systems: equilibrium and dynamics. American Journal of Science, 263, 302-312.
Howard, A. D. (1967). Drainage analysis in geologic interpretation: a summation. Bulletin American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 51(11), 2246-2259.
Howard, A. D. (1973). Equilíbrio e dinâmica dos sistemas geomorfológicos. Trad. Antonio Christofoletti. Notícia Geomorfológica, 13(26) Campinas, 3-20.
Howard, A. D. (1980). Thresholds in river regimes. In: Coates, D.R, e Vitek, J.D. (Eds) Thresholds in Geomorphology, Allen and Unwin, 227–258.
Howard, A. D. (1988). Equilibrium models in geomorphology. In: Anderson, M.G. Modelling Geomorphological Systems. New York, Wiley and Sons, Ch. 3, 49-72.
Inkpen, R. (2005). Science, philosophy and physical geography. Ed. Routledge. 164p.
Klein, C. (1959). Surfaces de regradation et surfaces d’aggradation. Annales de Géographie 368, 292-317.
Klein, C. (1985). La notion de cycle en géomorphologie. Revue de Géologie Dynamique et de Géographie Physique. 26, fasc.2, 95-107.
Leopold, L. B.; & Langbein, W. B. (1962). The concept of entropy in landscape evolution. Theoretical Papers in the Hydrologic and Geomorphic Sciences. 20p.
Mackin, H. (1948). Concept of graded river. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America. 59, 463-612.
Montgomery, K. (1989). Concepts of equilibrium and evolution in geomorphology: the model of branch systems. Progress in Physical Geography, 13, 47-66.
Nanson, G.; & Huang, H. Q. (2018) A philosophy of rivers: equilibrium states, channel evolution, teleomatic change and least action principle. Geomorphology. 302, 3-19.
Penck, W. (1953). Morphological analysis of landforms. Trad. Hella Czeck e K.C. Boswell. New York, St. Martin’Press.
Phillips, J. D. (1992a). The end of equilibrium? Geomorphology, 5, 195-201.
Phillips, J. D. (1992b). Nonlinear dynamical systems in geomorphology: revolution or evolution? Geomorphology, 5, 219-229.
Phillips, J. D. (1993). Progressive and regressive pedogenesis and complex soil evolution. Quaternary Research, 40, 169-176.
Phillips, J. D. (2006). Deterministic chaos and historical geomorphology: a review and look forward. Geormorphology, 76, 109-121.
Phillips, J. D.; & Lutz, J. D. (2008). Profile convexities in bedrock and alluvial streams. Geomorphology, 102, 554-566.
Phillips, J. D. (2009). Changes, perturbations and responses in geomorphic systems. Progress in Physical Geography 33 (1), 17-30.
Phillips, J. D. (2010). The job of the river. Earth Surf. Process. Landf, 35, 305-313.
Phillips, J. D. (2011). Emergence and pseudo-equilibrium in geomorphology. Geomorphology, 132, 319-326.
Prigogine, I. (1955). Introduction to thermodynamics of irreversible processes. C. Thomas, Springfield, Ill., 115 p.
Renwick, W.H. (1992). Equilibrium, disequilibrium and nonequilibrium landforms in the landscape. In: Geomorphic Systems: Proceedings of the 23rd Binghamton Symposium in Geomorphology. J.D Phillips.; W.H.Renwick (eds). Amsterdam: Elsevier, 433-455.
Riebe, C.S, Kirchner, J.W, Granger, D.E, Finkel, R.C. (2000). Erosional equilibrium and disequilibrium in the Sierra Nevada, inferred from cosmogenic 26Al and 10Be in alluvial sediment. Geology, 28(9), 803-806.
Scheidegger, A.E. (1983). Instability principle in geomorphic equilibrium. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. N.F. 27 (1). Berlin – Stuttgart, 1-19.
Schumm, S. A. (1971). In: Shen, H.W (editor). Fluvial geomorphology in river mechanics. Water Resources Publication, Fort Collins, Colorado, chapters 4 and 5.
Schumm, S. A.; & Lichty, R. W. (1965). Time, space and causality in geomorphology. American Journal of Science, 263, 110-119.
Schumm, S. A. (1991). To interpret the Earth: ten ways to be wrong. Cambridge.
Strahler, A. N. (1950). Equilibrium theory of erosional slopes approached by frequency distribution analysis. American Journal of Science, 248, 673-696 (Part I); 800-814 (Part II).
Strahler, A. N. (1974). Geografía Física. Barcelona. Ed. Omega S.A. 767p.
Thomas, M. (1994). Geomorphology in the Tropics. Chichester. Wiley.
Thorn, C. E. (1982). Space and time in Geomorphology. London, George Allen & Unwin. 379 p.
Thorn, C. E.; & Welford, M. R. (1994). The equilibrium concept in geomorphology. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 84(4), 666-696.
Zdenkovic, M. L.; & Scheidegger, A. E. (1989). Entropy of landscapes. Z.Geomorph.,33, 361-371.
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
Derechos de autor 2019 Terrae Didatica
Descargas
